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Alan Richards - Food, States, and Peasants: Analyses of the Agrarian Question in the Middle East

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Food, States, and Peasants: Analyses of the Agrarian Question in the Middle East
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Alan Richards
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Routledge
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2021
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London
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One of the most serious problems facing the Middle East and North Africa is the regions growing inability to feed its expanding population. Rapidly escalating demand has made the region highly dependent on food imports, and policy initiatives intended to increase domestic production have met with mixed success at best. The contributors to this volume examine the historical origins of state policies toward agriculture, recent policy changes and their effects on domestic supply, and the social and political implications of these shifts. Focusing on the regions largest agricultural economies, contributors analyze Turkeys strong performance as well as Egypts weak response to its agricultural problems. Pricing, investment strategies, irrigation policies, and the impact of large-scale labor migration on agricultural sectors are discussed, and a common theme of the interplay between politics and economics runs throughout.

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Food, States, and Peasants

About the Book and Editor

Alan Richards is associate professor of economics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. He is the author of Egypts Agricultural Development, 1800-1980 (Westview, 1981) and co-editor of Migration, Mechanization, and the Agricultural Labor Market in Egypt (Westview, 1983).

Sponsored by the Joint Committee on the Near and Middle East of the American Council of Learned Societies and the Social Science Research Council

First published 1986 by Westview Press

Published 2021 by Routledge

605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Food, states, and peasants.

(Westview special studies on the Middle East)

Includes index.

I. Agriculture and stateNear EastAddresses,

essays, lectures. 2. Near EastEconomic policy

Addresses, essays, lectures. I. Richards, Alan,

1946. II. Series.

HD2056.S.Z8F661986338.185686-233

ISBN 0-8133-7117-1

ISBN 13: 978-0-3670-0576-4 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-3671-5563-6 (pbk)

DOI: 10.4324/9780429035623

For Piero Bronzi

Contents

Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1: Introduction by Alan Richards

HISTORY: STATES, LANDLORDS, AND PEASANTS

CHAPTER 2: Agrarian Relations in Turkey: A Historical Sketch by Tosun Aricanli

CHAPTER 3: Large Landowners, Agricultural Progress and the State in Egypt, 1800-1970: An Overview with Many Questions by Roger Owen

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF SUPPLY: TAXES AND SUBSIDIES

CHAPTER 4: Agricultural Support Policies in Turkey, 1950-1980: An Overview by Kutlu Somel

CHAPTER 5: Agricultural Price Support Policies in Turkey: An Empirical Investigation by Haluk Kasnakoglu

CHAPTER 6: Taxation, Control, and Agrarian Transition in Rural Egypt: A Local-Level View by Richard Adams

THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF DEMAND: FOOD SUBSIDIES AND POLITICAL CONFLICT

CHAPTER 7: Food Subsidies and State Policies in Egypt by Harold Alderman

CHAPTER 8: Politics and the Price of Bread in Tunisia by David Seddon

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE AGRICULTURAL LABOR FORCE

CHAPTER 9: Migration and Labor Transformation in Rural Turkey by Sunday Uner

CHAPTER 10: Rural Labor Markets in Egypt by Samir Radwan

A Note on the Contributors

Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Introduction
History: States, Landlords, and Peasants
1. Chapter 2: Agrarian Relations in Turkey: A Historical Sketch
2. Chapter 3: Large Landowners, Agricultural Progress and the State in Egypt, 1800-1970: An Overview with Many Questions
The Political Economy of Supply: Taxes and Subsidies
1. Chapter 4: Agricultural Support Policies in Turkey, 1950-1980: An Overview
2. Chapter 5: Agricultural Price Support Policies in Turkey: An Empirical Investigation
3. Chapter 6: Taxation, Control, and Agrarian Transition in Rural Egypt: A Local-Level View
The Political Economy of Demand: Food Subsidies and Political Conflict
1. Chapter 7: Food Subsidies and State Policies in Egypt
2. Chapter 8: Politics and the Price of Bread in Tunisia
The Transformation of the Agricultural Labor Force
1. Chapter 9: Migration and Labor Transformation in Rural Turkey
2. Chapter 10: Rural Labor Markets in Egypt
A Note on the Contributors

iv
xiv
xv
xvi
xvii
xviii

Guide

Acknowledgments
Start of Content
A Note on the Contributors

Size Distribution of Agricultural Landholdings in Various Provinces of Turkey in 1909._10 (percentages)

Percent of Land Operated by Each Tenth of Farm Families (1950)

Distribution of Agricultural Operations According to Size Groups (1970)

Distribution of Agricultural Operations According to Size Groups: South Eastern Region (1970) (Low Fertility Rainfed Farming)

Distribution of Agricultural Operations According to Size Groups: Mediterranean Region (1970) (High Fertility Widespread Irrigation)

Distribution of Agricultural Operations According to Size Groups: Marmara Region (1970) (High Fertility Temperate Zone-Irrigation)

Total Area Sown and Fallow

Economically Active Population

Agricultural Holdings by Land Tenure and Size (1943 Census of Agriculture Sample Survey Results)

Egypts Cultivated Area, Cropped Area, Cotton Area and Agricultural Labour Force 1897-1960

Egyptian Agricultural Output and Agricultural Output/Capita, 1895-9 to 1960-4

The Distribution of Landownership 1900-1964

The Relationship Between Land Tax and Rental Value in the Evaluations of 1895, 1935-7 and 1946-8 Compared with Total Land Tax

The Proportion of Egyptian Land Owned by Foreigners and the Proportion of Foreign Land Held in, Large Estates, 1919-1949

Land Requisitioned Under the Two Reform Laws and Other Acts and the Rate at Which It Was Redistributed, 1952-1966

Various Indices Related to Turkish Agriculture

Commodity Composition of Turkish Exports

Government Involvement in the Procurement and Marketing of Agricultural Products

Shares of Support Purchases in Agricultural Production

Agencies of Output Support

Government Involvement in the Pricing, Manufacturing and Distribution of Agricultural Inputs

Partial Correlation Matrix of Deflated Support Prices

Deflated Support Prices Relative to Wheat

Simple Correlations Between Real Support and Farmgate Prices

Farmgate Prices Relative to Wheat Prices

Effects of Political Variables on Support Prices

Support Prices at Current Prices

Deflated Support Prices

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