Key Studies in Diplomacy
Series Editors: J. Simon Rofe and Giles Scott-Smith
Emeritus Editor: Lorna Lloyd
The volumes in this series seek to advance the study and understanding of diplomacy in its many forms. Diplomacy remains a vital component of global affairs, and it influences and is influenced by its environment and the context in which it is conducted. It is an activity of great relevance for International Studies, International History, and of course Diplomatic Studies. The series covers historical, conceptual, and practical studies of diplomacy.
Previously published by Bloomsbury:
21st Century Diplomacy: A Practitioners Guide by Kishan S. Rana
A Cornerstone of Modern Diplomacy: Britain and the Negotiation of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations by Kai Bruns
David Bruce and Diplomatic Practice: An American Ambassador in London, 19619 by John W. Young
Embassies in Armed Conflict by G.R. Berridge
Published by Manchester University Press:
Reasserting America in the 1970s edited by Hallvard Notaker, Giles Scott-Smith and David J. Snyder
Human rights and humanitarian diplomacy: Negotiating for human rights protection and humanitarian access by Kelly-Kate Pease
The diplomacy of decolonisation: America, Britain and the United Nations during the Congo crisis 196064 by Alanna OMalley
Sport and diplomacy: Games within games edited by J. Simon Rofe
The TransAtlantic reconsidered edited by Charlotte A. Lerg, Susanne Lachenicht and Michael Kimmage
Academic ambassadors, Pacific allies: Australia, America and the Fulbright Program by Alice Garner and Diane Kirkby
A precarious equilibrium
Human rights and dtente in Jimmy Carters Soviet policy
Umberto Tulli
Copyright Umberto Tulli 2020
The right of Umberto Tulli to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Published by Manchester University Press
Altrincham Street, Manchester M1 7JA
www.manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978 1 5261 4602 1 hardback
First published 2020
The publisher has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for any external or third-party internet websites referred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
Cover image: President Jimmy Carter, 7 April 1980. Library of Congress, public domain
Typeset by Newgen Publishing UK
Contents
This book is a revised and updated version of the Italian Tra diritti umani e distensione. LAmministrazione Carter e il dissenso in Urss (FrancoAngeli, 2013). While the structure and the main ideas of the book remain fundamentally the same, sections have been rewritten, new archival research has been conducted and new books on Carters human rights policy, the CSCE process and the role of the United States during the 1970s have been consulted. No book is written in complete isolation and this one owes numerous debts to many scholars, colleagues and friends. Suggestions and support have always been abundant. I am extremely grateful to Sara Lorenzini and Mario Del Pero. Sara gave a fundamental encouragement to complete the book as well as generous advice. Mario has followed this research with an extraordinary intellectual acumen. I have been discussing these themes with many other scholars. Shortening as much as possible what otherwise would be an endless list, I would like to thank Federico Romero, Antonio Varsori, Piero Craveri, Silvio Pons, Fred Logevall, Jeremi Suri, Tatiana Yankelevich, Barbara Keys, Arne O. Westad, Piers Ludlow, Ilaria Zamburlini, Alessandra Bitumi, Dario Fazzi, Matteo Risari, Sabrina Paolucci, Lucrezia Cominelli, Flavia Tudini and Simone A. Bellezza. Finally, I would like to thank J. Simon Rofe, Gilles Scott-Smith and Jonathan de Peyer for the opportunity to publish with Manchester University Press and Helen Flitton of Newgen Publishing UK.
AAP | Andrei Amalrik Papers, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA |
ABM | Anti-ballistic missile |
ACDA | Arms Control and Disarmament Agency |
ADSA | Andrei D. Sakharov Archives, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA |
AFL-CIO | American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations |
AI | Amnesty International |
AIPAC | American Israel Public Affairs Committee |
ALCM | Air-launched cruise missile |
CF | Country Files |
CHRDR | Center for Human Rights Documentation and Research, Columbia University, New York |
CJH | Center for Jewish History, New York |
CL | Office of Congressional Liaison |
CPD | Committee on the Present Danger |
CSCE | Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe |
DPMP | Daniel Patrick Moynihan Papers, Library of Congress, Washington, DC |
EEA | Enzo Enriques Agnoletti Papers, Historical Archives of the European Union, Florence |
FCO | Records of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, The National Archives, Kew |
GDR | German Democratic Republic (East Germany) |
GFPL | Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, Ann Arbor, MI |
HAEU | Historical Archives of the European Union, Florence |
HMJP | Henry M. Jackson Papers, University of Washington, Seattle, WA |
HRC | Human Rights Collection, Andrei D. Sakharov Archives, Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA |
HRW | Human Rights Watch |
HU | Human Rights |
ICBM | Intercontinental ballistic missile |
IOC | International Olympic Committee Archives, Lausanne, Switzerland |
JCPL | Jimmy Carter Presidential Library, Atlanta, GA |
LOC | Library of Congress, Washington, DC |
MBFR | Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions |
MFN | Most Favored Nation |
MIRV | Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle |
NA | National Archives, Kew, London |
NARA | National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, MD and Washington, DC |
NATO | North Atlantic Treaty Organization |
NCSJ | National Conference for Soviet Jewry |
NGO | Non-Governmental Organization |
NSA | National Security Advisor |
NSC | National Security Council |
OAU | Organization of African Unity |
PE0 | Records of the European Parliament before Direct Elections, Historical Archives of the European Union, Florence |
PREM | Prime Ministers Office |