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Steven E. Sodergren - The Army of the Potomac in the Overland and Petersburg Campaigns: Union Soldiers and Trench Warfare, 1864-1865

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The Army of the Potomac in the Overland and Petersburg Campaigns: Union Soldiers and Trench Warfare, 1864-1865: summary, description and annotation

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The final year of the Civil War witnessed a profound transformation in the practice of modern warfare, a shift that produced unprecedented consequences for the soldiers fighting on the front lines. In The Army of the Potomac in the Overland and Petersburg Campaigns, Steven E. Sodergren examines the transition to trench warfare, the lengthy campaigns of attrition that resulted, and how these seemingly grim new realities affected the mindset and morale of Union soldiers.
The 1864 Overland Campaign created tremendous physical and emotional suffering for the men of the Army of the Potomac as they faced a remarkable increase in the level and frequency of combat. By the end of this critical series of battles, surviving Union soldiers began to express considerable doubt in their cause and their leaders, as evidenced by widespread demoralization and the rising number of men deserting and disobeying orders. Yet, while the Petersburg campaign that followed further exposed the Army of the Potomac to the horrors of trench warfare, it proved both physically and psychologically regenerative. Comprehending that the extensive fortification network surrounding them benefitted their survival, soldiers quickly adjusted to life in the trenches despite the harsh conditions. The armys static position allowed the Union logistical structure to supply the front lines with much-needed resources like food and maileven a few luxuries. The elevated morale that resulted, combined with the reelection of Abraham Lincoln in November 1864 and the increasing number of deserters from the Confederate lines, only confirmed the growing belief among the soldiers in the trenches that Union victory was inevitable. Taken together, these aspects of the Petersburg experience mitigated the negative effects of trench warfare and allowed men to adapt more easily to their new world of combat.
Sodergren explores the many factors that enabled the Army of the Potomac to endure the brutal physical conditions of trench warfare and emerge with a renewed sense of purpose as fighting resumed on the open battlefield in 1865. Drawing from soldiers letters and diaries, official military correspondence, and court-martial records, he paints a vivid picture of the daily lives of Union soldiers as they witnessed the beginnings of a profound shift in the way the world imagined and waged large-scale warfare.

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The Army of the Potomac in the
Overland and Petersburg Campaigns
The Army of the Potomac in the Overland and Petersburg Campaigns Union Soldiers and Trench Warfare 1864-1865 - image 1
THE ARMY OF THE POTOMAC
The Army of the Potomac in the Overland and Petersburg Campaigns Union Soldiers and Trench Warfare 1864-1865 - image 2IN THE The Army of the Potomac in the Overland and Petersburg Campaigns Union Soldiers and Trench Warfare 1864-1865 - image 3
OVERLAND & PETERSBURG
CAMPAIGNS
Union Soldiers and Trench Warfare, 18641865
STEVEN E SODERGREN LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS BATON ROUGE Published - photo 4
STEVEN E. SODERGREN
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LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY PRESS
BATON ROUGE
Published by Louisiana State University Press
Copyright 2017 by Louisiana State University Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing
Designer: Barbara Neely Bourgoyne
Typeface: Whitman
Printer and binder: McNaughton & Gunn, Inc.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sodergren, Steven E., author.
Title: The Army of the Potomac in the Overland and Petersburg Campaigns : union soldiers and trench warfare, 18641865 / Steven E. Sodergren.
Description: Baton Rouge : LSU Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016027500| ISBN 978-0-8071-6556-0 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 978-0-8071-6557-7 (pdf) | ISBN 978-0-8071-6558-4 (mobi)
Subjects: LCSH: Petersburg (Va.)HistorySiege, 18641865. | Overland Campaign, Va., 1864. | United StatesHistoryCivil War, 18611865Trench warfare. | United StatesHistoryCivil War, 18611865Social aspects. | United States. Army of the Potomac.
Classification: LCC E476.93 .S63 2017 | DDC 973.7/37dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016027500
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book Longevity of the Council on Library Resources. Picture 6
For Mom and Dad
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Contents
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Maps and Tables
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Acknowledgments
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This project is the result of more than ten years of research and writing, including visits to archives and libraries across the country. Thus, one finds it incredibly difficult to distribute appropriate praise after so long a project, but I shall give it my best effort.
The bulk of the research for this project would not have been possible without the financial and archival assistance of multiple organizations. The General and Mrs. Matthew B. Ridgeway Military History Research Grant from the Military History Institute (now part of the United States Army Heritage and Education Center) enabled me to visit their beautiful facility in Carlisle and obtain access to a wealth of unpublished material. Once there, Richard Sommers unleashed his encyclopedic knowledge of Civil War matters and made my time there all the more productive. In 2005 the United States Army Center of Military History generously awarded me their dissertation fellowship to work on this project, and the staff there was very gracious with their time as I took advantage of their resources. Thanks are also due to the friendly and knowledgeable staffs at the Massachusetts Historical Society, the Library of Congress, the Old Military and Civil Records Branch of the National Archives, the David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library at Duke University, the Southern Historical Collection at the University of North CarolinaChapel Hill, the Delaware Public Archives, and the Spencer Research Library at the University of Kansas.
At the University of Kansas, Ted Wilson has been my guide in this endeavor from day one, and without him, none of what follows would have been possible. Thank you, Ted, for your continued counsel throughout; I fondly recall the hours spent in your Wescoe office chatting about history matters of various and sundry. Phillip Paludan, Jonathan Earle, and Christopher Gabel were all supporters of my work, and their comments were very useful in the early days of this project. Jennifer Weber, Ray Hiner, and Robert Baumann also kindly provided their assistance back in the initial stages of the research. Doug Harvey, Jeff Bremer, Becky Robinson, and other members of the Kansas University dissertation reading group reviewed drafts of several chapters, and their comments successfully kept my work in the realm of common sense.
The faculty and staff of Norwich University were exceptionally helpful with their time and resources as I refined and expanded the manuscript. Particular thanks go to Dave Westerman, Lea Williams, and the Office of Academic Research for their unflagging support. Additional praise must go to the helpful staff at the Kreitzberg Library along with the Archives and Special Collections department at Norwich. Thanks also to my colleagues Reina Pennington and Emily Gray for their comments on portions of the manuscript.
At Cornell College, Phil Lucas convinced me that I was on the right path and kept me focused on it. Craig Allin and Richard Thomas made my time there all the more rewarding and productive. Also, the Milts performed magnificently at offering counsel and distraction just when it was needed most.
At Louisiana State University Press, thanks go to Rand Dotson for his help pulling this manuscript together. Earl Hess reviewed multiple versions of the manuscript and provided many helpful comments along the way. Thanks also to Lee Sioles and Neal Novak at LSU Press, and to Gary Von Euer and David denBoer for being so meticulous with their work.
On a personal note, I have to thank my family for being extraordinarily patient with me as I plowed through year after year of this project and may not have been the friendliest person at times because of it. In addition, Cynthias wisdom and friendship helped to make the hard times easier. Most importantly, thank you, Mary, for sticking with me throughout and understanding why this needed to get done.
I am sure that I have omitted many, and for that I apologize. The longer I worked, the more I realized how this was the product of a shared experience and not just my own individual effort. I thank all of those who contributed to that experience.
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A Note on Sources
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The literacy of Civil War soldiers varied widely, so it is no surprise to find their letters, diaries, and even some of their memoirs riddled with grammatical and spelling errors excessive even for their own time. Due to the uneven education of soldiers in both the North and South, men adopted a rather liberal use of the English language as they framed their words for family or themselves. In addition, life in camp or the trenches rarely proved amenable to those who wished to jot down a few lines about their day. Most letters were no doubt written on a soldiers knee or haversack, thus making accurate translation of their handwriting all the more difficult. In respect to the creativity of and difficulties faced by Union soldiers as they offered their thoughts on the world around them, little effort has been made here to alter the grammar or punctuation of their words beyond what is necessary to convey their meaning and intent. Thus, the use of [
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