Sally Stoecker - Environmental Crime and Corruption in Russia: Federal and Regional Perspectives

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Environmental Crime and Corruption in Russia

Environmental devastation, a significant consequence of industrial activity in Soviet times, continues to be a major problem in Russia. Specific problems include radioactive pollutants from inadequately monitored nuclear plants; illegal logging and wildlife poaching, which have grown into hugely profitable businesses for criminal gangs; and toxic waste from unsanctioned and poorly controlled metallurgical, petroleum and agricultural chemical industries. This book presents a wide-ranging assessment of the environmental problems faced by Russia, and of the crime and corruption that contribute to them. It concludes, gloomily, that the problems are getting worse and that little is being done to tackle them.

Sally Stoecker is a scholar-in-residence, School of International Studies, American University, Washington, DC, USA. She received her doctorate from the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC, USA.

Ramziya Shakirova is a research analyst at Independent Project Analysis, Inc. and holds a doctorate in Public Policy from the School of Public Policy, George Mason University, Arlington, VA, USA.

Routledge Transnational Crime and Corruption Series

Published in association with the Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center, School of Public Policy, George Mason University, USA

1 Russian Business Power

The role of Russian business in foreign and security relations

Edited by Andreas Wenger,

Jeronim Perovic and Robert W. Orttung

2 Organized Crime and Corruption in Georgia

Edited by Louise Shelley, Erik Scott and Anthony Latta

3 Russias Battle with Crime, Corruption and Terrorism

Edited by Robert W. Orttung and Anthony Latta

4 Human Trafficking and Human Security

Edited by Anna Jonsson

5 Irregular Migration from the Former Soviet Union to the United States

Saltanat Liebert

6 Human Security, Transnational Crime and Human Trafficking

Asian and Western perspectives

Edited by Shiro Okubo and Louise Shelley

7 Labour Migration, Human Trafficking and Multinational Corporations

The commodification of illicit flows

Edited by Ato Quayson and Antonela Arhin

8 Environmental Crime and Corruption in Russia

Federal and regional perspectives

Edited by Sally Stoecker and Ramziya Shakirova

Environmental Crime and Corruption in Russia

Federal and regional perspectives

Edited by Sally Stoecker and Ramziya Shakirova

First published 2014

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

2014 selection and editorial material, Sally Stoecker and Ramziya Shakirova; individual chapters, the contributors.

The right of Sally Stoecker and Ramziya Shakirova to be identified as authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Environmental crime and corruption in Russia : federal and regional perspectives / edited by Sally Stoecker and Ramziya Shakirova.

pages ; cm. (Routledge transnational crime and corruption series ; 8)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1. Offenses against the environment Russia (Federation) 2. Environmental protection Corrupt practices Russia (Federation) 3. Environmental law Russia (Federation) Criminal provisions. 4. Corruption Russia (Federation) 5. Russia (Federation) Environmental conditions. I. Stoecker, Sally W., editor. II. Shakirova, Ramziya, editor. III. Series: Routledge transnational crime and corruption series ; 8.

HV6405.R8E58 2013

364.1450947dc23

2013010921

ISBN: 978-0-415-69870-2 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-315-88721-0 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by HWA Text and Data Management, London

Contents

SALLY STOECKER AND RAMZIYA SHAKIROVA

DMITRY SAMOKHIN AND ALEXANDER NAKHABOV

SVETLANA TULAEVA

YEKATERINA PISAREVA

LARISA PERVUSHINA

ELENA BOCHARNIKOVA

NAILYA DAVLETOVA

Figures

Dynamics of air pollution emissions from stationary sources, by federal district

Waste discharge to waterways

Morbidity per 1,000 persons

Nuclear weapons cycle

Nuclear fuel cycle

Nuclear fuel cycle for a 1,000 mw light-water reactor

Structure of non-proliferation policies in the Russian Federation

Leading causes of corruption in the timber trade of the Trans-Baikal Territory: opinions of law enforcement officials with more than six years of experience

Most effective measures for combating corruption in the timber trade: opinions of law enforcement and forest officials in the Trans-Baikal Territory

Evidence of environmental impact

Anthropogenic soil contamination

General map of the area studied

Map of the routes taken in conducting research

Depiction of the locations where soil and groundwater were sampled

Satellite image of the area researched

Growth in use of industrial waste with silicon for agricultural purposes (1975 to 2010) and the forecast for 2020

Distribution of Russian metallurgical plants by risk of chemical contamination

Distribution of metallurgical plants by federal district

Distribution of metallurgical plants with a very high risk of chemical contamination

Ratio of cement factories in Russia in terms of possible chemical contamination of the environment

Distribution of cement plants by federal districts

Distribution of cement plants with high and very high levels of possible chemical contamination of the environment by federal district

Morbidity in Tatarstan and Mari El in areas with different levels of EIOPH index, 20052009

Relative risks of disease in relative industrial areas in Tatarstan, 2003 to 2007

Respiratory diseases in the Republic of Mari El and air pollutants from stationary sources, 2005 to 2009

Morbidity levels in Tatarstan as a function of drinking water quality

Relative epidemiological risks of diseases in the Republic of Tatarstan in the districts of Groups 1 and 4 as a function of quality of water consumed

Algorithm for improving the environment in areas with the worst pollution

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