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Nicole Rafter - The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime

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A lively, up-to-date overview of the newest research in biosocial criminology
What is the relationship between criminality and biology? Nineteenth-century phrenologists insisted that criminality was innate, inherent in the offenders brain matter. While they were eventually repudiated as pseudo-scientists, today the pendulum has swung back. Both criminologists and biologists have begun to speak of a tantalizing but disturbing possibility: that criminality may be inherited as a set of genetic deficits that place one at risk to commit theft, violence, or acts of sexual deviance. But what do these new theories really assert? Are they as dangerous as their forerunners, which the Nazis and other eugenicists used to sterilize, incarcerate, and even execute thousands of supposed born criminals? How can we prepare for a future in which leaders may propose crime-control programs based on biology?
In this second edition of The Criminal Brain, Nicole Rafter, Chad Posick, and Michael Rocque describe early biological theories of crime and provide a lively, up-to-date overview of the newest research in biosocial criminology. New chapters introduce the theories of the latter part of the 20th century; apply and critically assess current biosocial and evolutionary theories, the developments in neuro-imaging, and recent progressions in fields such as epigenetics; and finally, provide a vision for the future of criminology and crime policy from a biosocial perspective. The book is a careful, critical examination of each research approach and conclusion. Both compiling and analyzing the body of scholarship devoted to understanding the criminal brain, this volume serves as a condensed, accessible, and contemporary exploration of biological theories of crime and their everyday relevance.

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The Criminal Brain The Criminal Brain Understanding Biological Theories of - photo 1
The Criminal Brain
The Criminal Brain
Understanding Biological Theories of Crime
Second Edition
Nicole Rafter, Chad Posick, and Michael Rocque
Picture 2
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
New York
NEW YORK UNIVERSITY PRESS
New York
www.nyupress.org
2016 by New York University
All rights reserved
References to Internet websites (URLs) were accurate at the time of writing. Neither the author nor New York University Press is responsible for URLs that may have expired or changed since the manuscript was prepared.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Rafter, Nicole Hahn, 19392016 author. | Posick, Chad, author. | Rocque, Michael, author.
Title: The criminal brain : understanding biological theories of crime / Nicole Rafter, Chad Posick, and Michael Rocque.
Description: Second edition. | New York : New York University Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016010229| ISBN 9781479867547 (cl : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781479894697 (pb : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Criminal behaviorGenetic aspects. | Criminal anthropology | Criminal anthropologyHistory.
Classification: LCC HV6047 .R334 2016 | DDC 364.2/4dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016010229
New York University Press books are printed on acid-free paper, and their binding materials are chosen for strength and durability. We strive to use environmentally responsible suppliers and materials to the greatest extent possible in publishing our books.
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Also available as an ebook
Dedicated to Nicole Hahn Rafter
(19392016)
Contents
Figure 1.1. Freeman stabbing Van Nest child
Figure 1.2. Hanging Freeman
Figure 1.3. Andrea Yates in court
Figure 2.1. Physiognomical studies by Giambattista della Porta
Figure 2.2. Physiognomical studies by Johann Caspar Lavater
Figure 3.1. Phrenological heads
Figure 3.2. The science of phrenology
Figure 3.3. Phrenological illustration of a male criminal
Figure 3.4. Phrenological illustration of a female criminal
Figure 4.1. Cesare Lombroso
Figure 4.2. Villellas cranium
Figure 4.3. Evolutionary sequence of skulls
Figure 4.4. Bushman woman
Figure 4.5. Skull of the brigand Villella
Figure 4.6. Lombrosos science
Figure 4.7. Criminal women
Figure 4.8. Heads of criminals
Figure 5.1. Petrus Campers facial angles
Figure 5.2. Chart of the Juke family
Figure 5.3. Composite photograph of prisoners
Figure 6.1. Carrie Buck and her mother, Emma
Figure 6.2. The heredity of feeblemindedness
Figure 6.3. World War I Alpha test
Figure 6.4. World War I Beta test
Figure 7.1. Bodytyping by Kretschmer
Figure 7.2. Earnest A. Hooton
Figure 7.3. Hooton on offenses by bodytype
Figure 7.4. Hooton on rape by race and ethnicity
Figure 7.5. Hootons eugenic prison
Figure 7.6. Three extreme types of human physique
Figure 7.7. A Sheldon example of primary criminality
Figure 8.1. The murderer M
Figure 9.1. The mass murderer Charles Whitman in 1966, age twenty-four
Figure 9.2. Neuroimaging of a brain
Figure 9.3. Abnormal brain before implantation by Dr. Frankenstein
Figure 9.4. The result: Frankensteins monster
Figure 10.1. Median section of the brain
Figure 10.2. (Non)development of the male brain
Figure 10.3. Structure of a chemical synapse
Figure 10.4. The endocrine system
Figure 11.1. Biosocial interaction model
Through great good fortune, for this second edition of The Criminal Brain I have two coauthors who were actually students in my Biological Theories of Crime course a number of years ago. Chad Posick and Mike Rocque went on to become professors in their own right and to publish articles on biosocial criminology. To no ones surprise, we formed a compatible team when it came to producing this second edition. In the meantime, biosocial explanations of criminal behavior moved toward center stage in criminological theory, intensifying the need for a book such as this second edition that follows the development of biological theories of crime from the late 18th century into the present. We have left the historical chapters from the first edition intact but updated former chapter 9 (now retitled An Unhappy Couple: Criminology and Biology in the Late 20th Century) and added two new chapters that bring the story up-to-date.
For help in preparing this second edition, we thank MacKenzie McBride of Georgia Southern University for her help with research; Steven E. Barkan of the University of Maine, J. C. Barnes of the University of Cincinnati, and Matt DeLisi of Iowa State University for thoughtful and encouraging comments on chapters 10 and 11; Susan Erony for photographic help; and Per J. Ystehede of the University of Oslo for sending us an important resource. We also thank those who gave us the expert attention and patient support that I have come to expect from New York University Press: Dorothea S. Halliday, Andrew Katz, Caelyn Cobb, and above all our wonderful editor, Ilene Kalish.
Nicole Rafter
April 2015
Shortly after this book was completed we were saddened to learn of the passing - photo 3
Shortly after this book was completed, we were saddened to learn of the passing of Nicole Rafter. We consider ourselves blessed to have been able to call her a teacher, a colleague, and most importantly, a friend. We learned so much through her generosity and willingness to allow us to assist in the second edition of The Criminal Brain. It is difficult to imagine a field, and a world, without her.
Nicole Nicky Hahn Rafter (19392016) was a visionary in the field of criminology and criminal justice. To discuss each and every one of her accomplishments here would likely double the books lengthso we will mention only a few. Nicky was one of four females to receive the Edwin H. Sutherland Award handed out by the American Society of Criminology (ASC). Her article, Criminologys Darkest Hour: Biocriminology in Nazi Germany, which serves as the basis for Chapter 8 in this book, won the Allen Austin Bartholemew Best Paper Award. Throughout the 2000s, she was awarded several fellowships including those to the University of Oxford, Study Centre of Liguria, and a Fulbright Fellowship to Austria. Along with winning prestigious awards, she made a lasting imprint on the field with her work on feminist criminology. Nicky was one of the first to develop a curriculum course dedicated to women and crime. She was instrumental in starting the ASC Division on Women and Crime and was elected as vice president of the division in 1995. Five years later, she was elected as a fellow of the ASC. Over her career, she published more than seventy articles and nine books, and she has been cited more than two thousand times. In a recent article, The Most Prolific Female Scholars in Elite Criminology and Criminal Justice, by Henrjikka Weir and Erin Orrick in the
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