Minxiao Han - Modeling and Simulation of HVDC Transmission (Energy Engineering)
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The development of large-scale renewable generation and load electrification call for highly efficient and flexible electric power integration, transmission and interconnection. High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission technology has been recognized as the key technology for this scenario. HVDC transmissions, including both the line commutated converter (LCC) HVDC and voltage source converter (VSC) HVDC have played an important role in the modern electric power system. However, with the inclusion of power electronic devices, HVDC introduces the characteristics of nonlinearity and different timescales into the traditional electromechanical system and thus careful modeling and simulation of HVDC transmission are essential for power system design, commissioning, operation and maintenance.
This book focuses on the modeling and simulation of HVDC transmission systems. The development of HVDC technologies is briefly introduced, and then the role of modeling and simulation in the research and development of HVDC systems is discussed. The chapters cover the general practice of HVDC modeling and simulation; electromagnetic modeling of LCC HVDC; VSC HVDC system modeling and stability analysis; electromagnetic modeling of DC grids; electromagnetic simulation of HVDC transmission; electromechanical transient simulation of LCC HVDC; electromechanical simulation of VSC HVDC; dynamic phasor modeling of HVDC; small-signal modeling of HVDC systems; hybrid simulation for HVDC; and real-time modeling and simulation for HVDC systems. The simulation algorithms are explained for each model and case studies and application examples are included.
This book is essential reading for engineers and researchers involved with transmission grid construction, as well as advanced students of electrical engineering.
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HVDC and the needs for modeling and simulation
Minxiao Han
1North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing, China
2University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
High-voltage DC (HVDC) transmission technology has been considered as the key technology for bulk electric power transmission and network interconnection []. HVDC is also referred to as the earliest and most significant application of power electronics in the electric power system. The technology is consistently active in innovation and the development for energy integration, transmission, and grid interconnection. This chapter will first provide a brief description of the configuration, classification, and development and then the discussions will be oriented to the needs for the modeling and simulation of HVDC.
The equipment used for HVDC can be classified as the main circuit devices and control/protection system, as shown in ].
Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram of a two-terminal HVDC transmission system 1, converter transformer; 2, converter; 3, smoothing reactor; 4, AC filter; 5, DC filter; 6, control and protection system; 7, electrode lead; 8, electrode; 9, telecontrol communication system
The main circuit devices include the converters that convert electric energy between DC and AC electricity, DC lines or wires connecting converters, converter transformers, filters, and reactive power compensator. The control and protection equipment ensure the arranged energy transmission and fault protection. The core of the HVDC transmission system is converters referred to as rectifier or inverter according to the direction of power flow. From the structural point of view, HVDC is power electronics conversion circuit with AC-DC-AC form. Most of the converters (also known as the converter valve) used in HVDC projects are composed of half-controlled device, thyristor, called line commuted converter (LCC) or LCC-HVDC which needs the support of the AC power source for the commutation. Recently, the voltage source converter (VSC)-based HVDC [], VSC-HVDC, is developing quickly and applied widely as it can realize commutation based on the ability of its device to turn off. The converter of the VSC-HVDC transmission system adopts full-controlled self-commutated power electronic devices such as gate-turn-off thyristor (GTO), insulate gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), and integrated gate-commutated thyristor (IGCT) with better controlling characteristics and less response time. The rapid development and commissioning of HDVC projects push a large quantity of power electronic equipment used in power system. The modern power system has the properties of multi-timescale, low inertia, and strong correlation.
The HVDC transmission can be classified based on the different ways of commutation, different terminal numbers, or different connection relationships with the AC system. As illustrated above, converters can be divided into LCCs and self-commuted converters as the control characteristics of the adopted power electronic devices are different. At first, the traditional LCCs will be discussed in the following paragraphs. Categories concerned about the self-commuted HVDC are similar to that of line commuted HVDC, replacing LCCs and its accessory equipment with VSCs and the corresponding device combined with systems that will be illustrated briefly in Section 1.1.4 of this chapter.
Long-distance HVDC: Typical configuration shown in is the main scenario of HVDC transmitting power electricity from energy source center to load center, and the link between the mainland areas to islands through cables is achieved by HVDC.
Long-distance HVDC can be further divided into single-direction HVDC and bidirectional DC transmission according to the power, which can be transmitted in one way or in two directions. In general, transmission from the thermal power plants and hydropower energy bases to load centers and islands with weak AC power grids is a one-way transmission. When the sending end contains a certain scale of AC system or islands are with an extensible power supply, DC power transmission usually adopts a two-way transmission mode. In this condition, the converters in the sending and receiving sides adopt the same structure used as both rectifiers and inverters.
- Back-to-back HVDC: As shown in shows the main circuit of unipolar 12-pulse HVDC.
- Sending power through AC and DC in parallel: As is shown in ]. The AC transmission paralleled with DC lines has the convenience of middle placement and can provide electricity for the loads from the central districts.
- AC overlaid with DC transmission: Superimposing DC component on AC lines to make AC channel for DC transmission [ is free of the stability limit of power angle and, therefore, improves the transmission capability. According to the AC circuit number, this mode can form monopole pattern, returning current through the earth or bipolar pattern. In order to avoid the DC component flowing into the main transformer insulation, a capacitor should be added between the main transformer and the DC accessing point. In addition, the countermeasures of control and protection of pulsating voltage and current formed by the superposition of AC and DC have been important issues in this mode. Nowadays this kind of mode is still under research and has not conducted practical projects.
- Tripolar HVDC: Using the existing AC transmission channel, the tripolar HVDC can adopt the topology of combining converters as shown in ]. Currently, the research of this mode is still in the early stage. SIEMENS has carried out some tests and research but has not conducted practical projects.
Figure 1.2 The circuit of back-to-back HVDC 1, converter transformer; 2, converter; 3, smoothing reactor; 4, AC system
Figure 1.3 The circuit of sending power through AC and DC in parallel
Figure 1.4 The circuit of AC overlaid with DC transmission
Figure 1.5 The circuit of tripolar HVDC
The HVDC construction can be divided into two-terminal HDVC and multiterminal HVDC (MTDC), according to the number of converter station. Currently, most of the HVDC projects are of two terminals, and only a handful of MTDC projects have been put into operation. At first, the Quebec-New England project was designed as a five-terminal HVDC system but then changed into three-terminal HVDC operation because of the difficulties in controlling the coordination. With the practical utilization of VSC-HVDC, the construction of MTDC will become more flexible and relatively easier. The world has put into commercial operation more multiterminal VSC-HVDC projects.
Monopolar HVDC
- (a) Current return through the earth or seawater: The polar line of this mode can adopt an overhead line or cable, and the flowing back of the current can utilize the earth or seawater as the channel to reduce the transmission line investment, as shown in . However, this mode requires sophisticated materials for the grounding electrode and also needs complicated commissioning. Furthermore, the return current will impose corrosion on the objects laid underground such as oil pipes, communication lines, and magnetic compass. So far, no practical project is available to demonstrate the returning current through the earth. Current returning through seawater has been applied for some projects which transmitted power crossing sea channel.
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