Pradip R. Patel - Lecture Notes : Radiology

1. Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1
2. Chapter 2
3. Chapter 3
4. Chapter 4
5. Chapter 5
6. Chapter 6
7. Chapter 7
8. Chapter 8
9. Chapter 9
10. Chapter 10
11. Chapter 11

Pradip R. Patel

Consultant Radiologist

Kingston Hospital

London, UK

Fourth Edition

First edition awarded BMA Book Award

This edition first published 2020 2020 by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Edition History [3e, 2011]

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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Names: Patel, Pradip, author.
Title: Lecture notes. Radiology / Pradip Patel, Kingston Hospital, Woodlands, Kingston, UK.
Description: Fourth edition. | Hoboken : Wiley, 2020. | Series: Lecture notes | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2020001869 (print) | LCCN 2020001870 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119550341 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119550334 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119550372 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Radiography, MedicalOutlines, syllabi, etc.
Classification: LCC RC78.17 .P385 2010 (print) | LCC RC78.17 (ebook) | DDC 616.07/572dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020001869
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020001870

Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Image: Courtesy of Pradip R. Patel; piranka/Getty Images

Dr Patricia Marin Crespo, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Aghi Srikanthan, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Vin Majuran, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Sarah Evans, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Ramesh Yella, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Nevin Wijisekera, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Nim Mangat, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Pradip R. Patel, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Bijan Heydati, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Charlotte Whittaker, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Derek SvastiSalee, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Pradip R. Patel, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

Dr Pradip R. Patel, Consultant Radiologist, Kingston Hospital, UK

This book is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com/go/patel/radiology

The website includes:

• Selfassessment exercises to accompany each book chapter
• Chapter based exercises with further examples and images

Note: The website should be live by December 2020.

Recent technological advances have produced a bewildering array of complex imaging techniques and procedures. The basic principle of imaging, however, remains the anatomical demonstration of a particular region and related abnormalities, the principal imaging modalities being:

• plain Xrays: utilizes a collimated Xray beam to image the chest, abdomen, skeletal structures, etc.;
• fluoroscopy: a continuous Xray beam produces a moving image to monitor examinations such as barium meals, barium enemas, etc.;
• ultrasound (US): employs highfrequency sound waves to visualize structures in the abdomen, pelvis, neck and peripheral soft tissues;
• computed tomography (CT): obtains crosssectional computerized densities and images from an Xray beam/detector system;
• magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): exploits the magnetic properties of hydrogen atoms in the body to produce images;
• nuclear medicine (NM): acquires functional as well as anatomical details by gamma radiation detection from injected radioisotopes.

Contrast agents are substances that assist visualization of some structures during the above techniques, working on the basic principle of Xray absorption, thereby preventing their transmission through the patient. The most commonly used are barium sulphate to outline the gastrointestinal tract, and organic iodine preparations; the latter widely used intravenously in CT for vascular and organ enhancement. Contrast agents can also be introduced into specific sites, for example: