Jerrold T. Bushberg PhD - The Essential Physics of Medical Imaging

FOURTH EDITION

JERROLD T. BUSHBERG , PhD

Clinical Professor of Radiology and Radiation Oncology
University of California, Davis
Sacramento, California

J. ANTHONY SEIBERT , PhD

Professor of Radiology
University of California, Davis
Sacramento, California

EDWIN M. LEIDHOLDT Jr, PhD

Clinical Associate Professor of Radiology
University of California, Davis
Sacramento, California

JOHN M. BOONE , PhD

Professor of Radiology and Biomedical Engineering
University of California, Davis
Sacramento, California

Executive Editor: Sharon Zinner

Development Editor: Eric McDermott

Senior Editorial Coordinator: Emily Buccieri

Marketing Manager: Kristin Ciotto

Production Project Manager: Catherine Ott

Design Coordinator: Stephen Druding

Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh

Prepress Vendor: SPi Global

Fourth Edition

Copyright 2021 Wolters Kluwer

Copyright 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Copyright 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright 1994 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at (products and services).

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Printed in Mexico

Cataloging-in-Publication Data available on request from the Publisher

ISBN: 978-1975-1-0322-4

This work is provided as is, and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals' examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.

Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer's package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.

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Not authorised for sale in United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands.

Executive Editor: Sharon Zinner

Development Editor: Eric McDermott

Senior Editorial Coordinator: Emily Buccieri

Marketing Manager: Kristin Ciotto

Production Project Manager: Catherine Ott

Design Coordinator: Stephen Druding

Manufacturing Coordinator: Beth Welsh

Prepress Vendor: SPi Global

Fourth Edition

Copyright 2021 Wolters Kluwer

Copyright 2012 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business. Copyright 2002 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Copyright 1994 by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, including as photocopies or scanned-in or other electronic copies, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright. To request permission, please contact Wolters Kluwer at Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103, via email at (products and services).

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Printed in Mexico

Cataloging-in-Publication Data available on request from the Publisher

ISBN: 978-1975-1-0322-4

This work is provided as is, and the publisher disclaims any and all warranties, express or implied, including any warranties as to accuracy, comprehensiveness, or currency of the content of this work.

This work is no substitute for individual patient assessment based upon healthcare professionals' examination of each patient and consideration of, among other things, age, weight, gender, current or prior medical conditions, medication history, laboratory data and other factors unique to the patient. The publisher does not provide medical advice or guidance and this work is merely a reference tool. Healthcare professionals, and not the publisher, are solely responsible for the use of this work including all medical judgments and for any resulting diagnosis and treatments.

Given continuous, rapid advances in medical science and health information, independent professional verification of medical diagnoses, indications, appropriate pharmaceutical selections and dosages, and treatment options should be made and healthcare professionals should consult a variety of sources. When prescribing medication, healthcare professionals are advised to consult the product information sheet (the manufacturer's package insert) accompanying each drug to verify, among other things, conditions of use, warnings and side effects and identify any changes in dosage schedule or contraindications, particularly if the medication to be administered is new, infrequently used or has a narrow therapeutic range. To the maximum extent permitted under applicable law, no responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property, as a matter of products liability, negligence law or otherwise, or from any reference to or use by any person of this work.

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I am dedicating the fourth edition of this textbook to my brother Siri who is the very role model of an amazing teacher (albeit not in the physical sciences) and to my fellow teachers of medical physics and to the giants upon whose shoulders we all stand. Education's contribution to one's foundation, upon which they will develop their gifts, is immeasurable. As teachers, we strive to simplify the complex and make abstract concepts accessible to our students. None of this would be possible of course without the tireless efforts of those who have come before. Their contributions to our profession both grand and otherwise have all contributed in their own way to the body of knowledge upon which we rely. Let me also take this opportunity to extend my most sincere and heartfelt appreciation to all the teachers in my life, both inside and outside of academia, who have contributed so much to my education. Among the most important of these, I want to especially acknowledge my wife Lori who has contributed so much over so many years. Words are insufficient to express how grateful I am for you.