William E Brant - Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology

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1st edition 1994 by WILLIAMS & WILKINS
2nd edition 1999 by WILLIAMS & WILKINS
3rd edition 2007 by LIPPINCOTT WILLIAMS & WILKINS

All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission from the copyright owner, except for brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. Materials appearing in this book prepared by individuals as part of their official duties as U.S. government employees are not covered by the above-mentioned copyright.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Fundamentals of diagnostic radiology / editors, William E. Brant, Clyde
A. Helms. 4th ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-60831-911-4 (alk. paper)
I. Brant, William E. II. Helms, Clyde A.
[DNLM: 1. Diagnostic Imaging. WN 180]

616.0757dc23

2011050542

Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information presented and to describe generally accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of the information in a particular situation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in the publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice.

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This fourth edition of our textbook I dedicate once again to my wife, Barbara, whose incredible love, patience, and support have made my work on this edition possible. I also dedicate this book to our growing brood of grandchildren now including: Danielle; Sophia, Grayson, and Noah; Evan and Kate; Finley and Josie; and Dylan and Amelia.

WEB

To Jennifer Pohl, thank you.

CAH

William E. Brant

SECTION EDITOR: Erik H. L. Gaensler and Jerome A. Barakos

David J. Seidenwurm and Govind Mukundan

Robert M. Barr, Alisa D. Gean, and Tuong H. Le

Howard A. Rowley

Kelly K. Koeller

Nathaniel A. Chuang and Walter L. Olsen

Jerome A. Barakos and Derk D. Purcell

Camilla Lindan, Erik Gaensler, and Jerome Barakos

Jerome A. Barakos and Derk D. Purcell

Erik H. L. Gaensler and Derk D. Purcell

Clyde A. Helms

SECTION EDITOR: Jeffrey S. Klein

Julio Lemo and Jeffrey S. Klein

Jeffrey S. Klein

Curtis E. Green and Jeffrey S. Klein

Jeffrey S. Klein

Jeffrey S. Klein

Jeffrey S. Klein and Curtis E. Green

Jeffrey S. Klein

Jeffrey S. Klein and Jimmy S. Ghostine

SECTION EDITOR: Karen K. Lindfors

Karen K. Lindfors and Huong T. Le-Petross

SECTION EDITOR: David K. Shelton

David K. Shelton

David K. Shelton and Gary Caputo

SECTION EDITOR: Michael J. Miller, Jr.

Michael J. Miller Jr and Tony P. Smith

Michael J.Miller Jr and Tony P. Smith

SECTION EDITOR: William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant

Sara Moshiri and William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant and Sarah Erickson

SECTION EDITOR: William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant

SECTION EDITOR: William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant

William E. Brant and Raymond S. Dougherty

SECTION EDITOR: Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

Clyde A. Helms

SECTION EDITOR: Susan D. John

Susan D. John and Leonard E. Swischuk

Susan D. John and Leonard E. Swischuk

SECTION EDITOR: David K. Shelton

David K. Shelton

Ramsey D. Badawi, Linda A. Kroger, and Jerrold T. Bushberg

David K. Shelton and Amir Kashefi

David K. Shelton and Meena Kumar

David K. Shelton

Marc G. Cote

David K. Shelton and Roshanak Rahnamayi

Howard A. Carpenter and Cameron C. Foster

Christopher J. Palestro

Amir Kashefi and David K. Shelton

David H. Lewis and Jon Umlauf

Cameron C. Foster, Bijan Bijan, and David K. Shelton

To study the phenomena of disease without books is to sail unchartered sea, while to study books without patients is not to go to sea at all.

Sir William Osler

It is nearly 20 years since the Fundamentals of Diagnostic Radiology germinated as a basic textbook that residents and students of radiology would turn to first as their introduction to our fascinating and expanding specialty. We are immensely grateful that so many Radiology residents around the world have found our work to be useful, and, for many, as the foundation of their study of diagnostic radiology. Their enthusiasm and their use of our text as we conceived it have motivated us to produce the best updated edition that we can offer. Our text is now available not only in its hefty hardback edition but also in the popular four-volume soft cover edition. The addition of full color throughout has transformed the fourth edition immensely improving the impact of our many illustrations and providing a pleasing chapter design. We have retained the use of Bold Italic to highlight the topic of each paragraph or section in order to make the text useful for study and outline as well as to serve as a ready reference.