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Robert Zakinyan - Physics of the Atmosphere, Climatology and Environmental Monitoring: Modern Problems of Atmospheric

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Robert Zakinyan Physics of the Atmosphere, Climatology and Environmental Monitoring: Modern Problems of Atmospheric
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This proceedings book presents a discussion by leading scientists and specialists of the latest scientific results, developed methods, technologies and technical means of research and pilot work in the field of geosciences and environmental management. An important task is to familiarize young specialists, teachers, graduate students and students with the current state and the latest world achievements in this field of knowledge. Currently, there is a rapid and significant climate change, which manifests itself not only in global warming, but also in noticeable changes in other atmospheric and climatic characteristics among others.

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Book cover of Physics of the Atmosphere Climatology and Environmental - photo 1
Book cover of Physics of the Atmosphere, Climatology and Environmental Monitoring
Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences
Series Editors
Natalia S. Bezaeva
The Moscow Area, Russia
Heloisa Helena Gomes Coe
Niteri, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Muhammad Farrakh Nawaz
Department of Forestry and Range Management, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan

The series Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences publishes proceedings from scholarly meetings and workshops on all topics related to Environmental and Earth Sciences and related sciences. This series constitutes a comprehensive up-to-date source of reference on a field or subfield of relevance in Earth and Environmental Sciences. In addition to an overall evaluation of the interest, scientific quality, and timeliness of each proposal at the hands of the publisher, individual contributions are all refereed to the high quality standards of leading journals in the field. Thus, this series provides the research community with well-edited, authoritative reports on developments in the most exciting areas of environmental sciences, earth sciences and related fields.

Editors
Robert Zakinyan and Arthur Zakinyan
Physics of the Atmosphere, Climatology and Environmental Monitoring
Modern Problems of Atmospheric Physics, Climatology and Environmental Monitoring
The Springer logo Editors Robert Zakinyan Faculty of Physics and - photo 2

The Springer logo.

Editors
Robert Zakinyan
Faculty of Physics and Technology, North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russia
Arthur Zakinyan
Faculty of Physics and Technology, North-Caucasus Federal University, Stavropol, Russia
ISSN 2524-342X e-ISSN 2524-3438
Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences
ISBN 978-3-031-19011-7 e-ISBN 978-3-031-19012-4
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19012-4
The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG

The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Contents
Magomet T. Abshaev , Ali M. Abshaev and Aminat M. Malkarova
A. Kh. Adzhiev and Z. M. Kerefova
I. S. Afanasyev , R. G. Zakinyan and Yu. L. Smerek
A. H. Aliev , N. N. Skorbezh and A. G. Tlatov
A. B. Ashabokov
B. A. Ashabokov , L. M. Fedchenko and V. A. Shapovalov
M. B. Ashabokova and Kh. M. Temirkhanova
M. B. Ashabokova
G. Kh. Badakhova , M. V. Barekova , V. I. Volkova , Yu. L. Smerek and G. L. Kaplan
D. S. Efremenko , A. D. Kuznetsov and O. S. Serouhova
Ya. A. Ekba , A. K. Akhsalba and L. V. Khintuba
E. V. Fedoseeva , I. N. Rostokin , G. G. Shchukin and I. Yu. Kholodov
N. V. Fedoseeva and T. E. Simakina
L. Kh. Ingel
V. S. Inyukhin and K. B. Liev
V. S. Inyukhin , Yu. V. Suspitsyna and V. V. Suslov
V. S. Inyukhin and E. A. Cherednik
V. S. Inyukhin and S. A. Kushchev
I. A. Ivanova , M. V. Khaibullov , O. N. Toptunova and O. V. Volobueva
A. Kh. Kagermazov and L. T. Sozaeva
G. L. Kaplan , G. Kh. Badakhova , M. V. Barekova and Yu. L. Smerek
B. M. Khuchunaev and S. O. Gekkieva
A. D. Kuznetsov , O. S. Seroukhova , S. V. Kryukova and T. E. Simakina
V. N. Lesev , B. A. Ashabokov , L. M. Fedchenko and V. A. Shapovalov
E. A. Malinovskaya and O. G. Chkhetiani
V. V. Petrov , N. V. Bazanin , D. V. Kirin , V. V. Volkov and A. M. Strunin
A. A. Sprygin and A. E. Vyazilov
A. A. Tashilova , B. A. Ashabokov , L. A. Kesheva and N. V. Teunova
A. G. Tlatov , D. V. Dormidontov and R. N. Kirpichev
Mamy Magbini Tokpa and V. A. Lobanov
M. L. Toropova , N. E. Veremei , Yu. P. Mikhailosvkii and A. A. Sinkevich
V. V. Volkov , V. V. Petrov and N. O. Krutikov
Robert G. Zakinyan , Arthur R. Zakinyan and L. M. Kulgina
M. V. Zharashuev
The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023
R. Zakinyan, A. Zakinyan (eds.) Physics of the Atmosphere, Climatology and Environmental Monitoring Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19012-4_1
Results of 65-Years Project of Hail Suppression in Russian Federation
Magomet T. Abshaev
(1)
Hail Suppression Research Center Antigrad, Nalchik, Russia
(2)
Department of Scientific Research and Weather Modification of Roshydromet, Moscow, Russia
Magomet T. Abshaev
Email:
Ali M. Abshaev (Corresponding author)
Email:
Aminat M. Malkarova
Email:
Abstract

The article provides brief information on the history of the development of hail suppression works in the USSR and the Russian Federation, the main provisions of the currently used Russian automated rocket technology to prevent hail, the characteristics of a modern anti-hail protection system, including the radar parameters of seeding objects (hailstorms), the average annual number of seeding objects, the consumption of rockets and glaciogenic agents for seeding objects of different hail categories, the results of assessing the physical effectiveness of long-term protection against hail, the main problems and prospects for further improvement of rocket technology.

Keywords
Hail Hailstorm Hail suppression Seeding concept Criteria Physical efficiency Problems and prospects
Introduction

According to the World Meteorological Organization [], over the past 50 years, there have been more than 11,000 natural disasters related to weather and climate, which have led to the death of 2 million people and economic losses about 3.6 trillion dollars. Global climate change has resulted in a fivefold increase in disasters and a sevenfold increase in economic losses in these 50 years. In the last 20 years, there has been an increase in the number of weather-related disasters by 1.83 times. The main increase is due to extreme convective storms, accompanied by destructive hail, thunderstorms, flash floods, landslides, tornadoes and squalls.

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