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Bonnie Yochelson - Rediscovering Jacob Riis: Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn-of-the-Century New York: Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn-of-the-Century New York

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Bonnie Yochelson Rediscovering Jacob Riis: Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn-of-the-Century New York: Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn-of-the-Century New York
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Rediscovering Jacob Riis: Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn-of-the-Century New York: Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn-of-the-Century New York: summary, description and annotation

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Before publishing his pioneering book How the Other Half Livesa photojournalistic investigation into the poverty of New Yorks tenement houses, home to three quarters of the citys populationJacob Riis (1849-1914) spent his first years in the United States as an immigrant and itinerant laborer, barely surviving on his carpentry skills until he landed a job as a muckraking reporter. These early experiences provided Riis with an understanding of what it was like to be poor in the immigrant communities that populated New Yorks slums, and it was this empathy that would shine through in his iconic photos.
With Rediscovering Jacob Riis, art historian Bonnie Yochelson and historian Daniel Czitrom place Jacob Riiss images in historical context even as they expose a clear sightline to the present. In the first half of their book, Czitrom explores Riiss reporting and activism within the gritty specifics of Gilded Age New York: its new immigrants, its political machines, its fiercely competitive journalism, its evangelical reformers, and its labor movement. In delving into Riiss intellectual education and the lasting impact of How the Other Half Lives, Czitrom shows that though Riis argued for charity, not sociopolitical justice, the empathy that drove his work continues to inspire urban reformers today.
In the second half of the book, Yochelson describes for the first time Riiss photographic practice: his initial reliance on amateur photographers to take the photographs he needed, his own use of the camera, and then his collecting of photographs by professionals, who by 1900 were documenting social reform efforts for government agencies and charities. She argues that while Riis is rightly considered a revolutionary in the history of photography, he was not a photographic artist. Instead, Riis was a writer and lecturer who first harnessed the power of photography to affect social change.
As staggering inequality continues to be an urgent political topic, this book, illustrated with nearly seventy of Riiss photographs, will serve as a stunning reminder of what has changed, and what has not.

Bonnie Yochelson: author's other books


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THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS, CHICAGO 60637

2007 by Bonnie Yochelson and Daniel Czitrom

All rights reserved.

University of Chicago Press edition 2014

Printed in the United States of America

23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-18286-5 (paper)

ISBN-13: 978-0-226-18305-3 (e-book)

DOI: 10.728/chicago/9780226183053.001.0001

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA:

Yochelson, Bonnie, author.

Rediscovering Jacob Riis : exposure journalism and photography in turn-of-the-century New York / Bonnie Yochelson and Daniel Czitrom.

pages cm

ISBN 978-0-226-18286-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN 978-0-226-18305-3 (e-book)

1. Riis, Jacob A. (Jacob August), 18491914. 2. Documentary photographyNew York (State)New YorkHistory19th century. 3. Crime and the pressNew York (State)New YorkHistory19th century. 4. Documentary photographyUnited StatesHistory19th century. 5. New York (N.Y.)Social life and customs19th centuryPictorial works. I. Czitrom, Daniel J., 1951 author. II. Title.

TR820.5.Y645 2014

770.9747,'1dc23

2014003899

Picture 1 This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper).

Rediscovering Jacob Riis

Exposure Journalism and Photography in Turn-of-the-Century New York

Bonnie Yochelson & Daniel Czitrom

The University of Chicago Press
Chicago and London

For Meryl

And for Betty and Molly

A kinds khokhme iz oykh khokhme

D.C.

In memory of my mother, Kathryn Mersey Yochelson (19062006)

Born Katie Mirsky on Cherry Street,

New York City

B.Y.

Acknowledgments

This book grew out of a 1994 Preservation and Access Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) for the Jacob A. Riis Collection at the Museum of the City of New York. The museums most historically significant collection of photographs, the Riis Collection poses unique interpretative problems: to make it properly accessible, NEH supported the creation of a database, vintage-material prints from Riiss negatives, and color transparencies from his lantern slides. That project was supervised by Bonnie Yochelson, formerly the museums Curator of Prints and Photographs. She would like to thank Chicago Albumen Works; Housatonic, Massachusetts, which expertly created the new Riis prints and transparencies; and Peter Simmons, then head of Collections Access, who established the Riis database. Other museum staff who deserve grateful thanks are Eileen Kennedy Morales, former head of Collections Access; Bob Shamis, former Curator of Prints and Photographs; Marguerite Lavin, former head of Rights and Reproductions; and Rick Beard, former deputy director of Programs and Collections, who introduced this studys co-authors.

A second NEH grant (19972000) in Collaborative Research funded our research on Jacob Riis, his work, and his world. The grant allowed us to hire Kevin P. Murphy, then a New York University doctoral student, who provided much appreciated assistance reviewing Riiss voluminous papers, and who gave us access to his valuable unpublished paper on Riiss posthumous reputation; and Lone Blecher of New York City, who translated Riiss 187071 pocket diaries (New York Public Library) and provided us with summaries of his Danish journalism (Library of Congress). We offer grateful thanks to them both.

For additional archival research, we wish to thank Holly Hinman, New-York Historical Society; Jean Ashton, Columbia University Rare Books and Manuscripts; Nancy Cataldi, Richmond Hill Historical Society; Victor Rener, Childrens Aid Society; and Lorinda Klein, Bellevue Hospital. We received valuable research help as well from Jennifer Cote and Sara E. Rzeszutek. For an introduction to the still little-studied world of lantern slides, special thanks to Terry Borton, East Haddam, Connecticut; Jack Judson, San Antonio, Texas; and Tom Rall, Arlington, Virginia.

We are also pleased to thank Donal OShea, dean of faculty at Mount Holyoke College, who provided crucial material and moral support for the publication of this book. Also at Mount Holyoke, we received important production help from Linda Callahan, Slide Curator of the Art Library, and James Gehrt, Digitization Center coordinator.

We thank Mike Wallace and Suzanne Wasserman at the Gotham Center for New York History, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, and Christopher Benfey and Karen Remmler at the Weissmann Center for Leadership and the Liberal Arts, Mount Holyoke College, for inviting us to make public presentations of our work in its early stages.

Jacob A Riis ca 1900 gelatin silver print Museum of the City of New York - photo 2

Jacob A. Riis ca. 1900, gelatin silver print, Museum of the City of New York.

Introduction

When Jacob Augustus Riis died on May 25, 1914, at the age of sixty-five, he was a beloved public figure. How the Other Half Lives, his 1890 call-to-conscience for housing reform, had been a bestseller and was still in print. The Making of an American, his popular 1901 autobiography, which told the heartwarming story of his rise from penniless immigrant to confidant of President Theodore Roosevelt, had made him a celebrity. His nationwide lecture tours and steady stream of magazine stories had kept his message in public view. Nearly a century later, Riis maintains a stubbornly persistent hold on the American imagination. The twin themes of his writingurban poverty and the Americanization of the immigrantare as relevant today as in his time. The recovery in the 1940s of Riiss original photographsimages of decrepit rear tenements, black-and-tan dives, newsboys, and little mothers, which constitute a unique pictorial record of New Yorks late-nineteenth-century slumsadded another dimension to his fame. Indeed, images such as Bandits Roost, which was reenacted in the 2002 Hollywood film Gangs of New York, have become emblems of urban poverty.

Our goal in this book is to rediscover Jacob Riis, whose motives and accomplishments have been often distorted by his advocates and detractors. The project grew out of a Collaborative Research Grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH), and we have tried to remain true to the spirit of interdisciplinary inquiry. We bring to bear our respective disciplineshistory and art historyto establish a foundation for a new assessment of Riiss career. The books two essays are arranged chronologically. Daniel Czitroms Jacob Riiss New York begins with Riiss 1870 arrival in the United States and concludes with the 1890 publication of How the Other Half Lives. It situates Riis within the gritty specifics of Gilded Age New York, tracing his complex relations with the citys tenement neighborhoods, its new immigrants, its fiercely competitive journalism, its evangelical reformers, its labor movement, and its political machines. Drawing upon Lone Blechers new translation from the Danish of Riiss pocket diaries of 187172 and her summaries of Riiss newspaper articles for Danish newspapers, Czitroms essay offers the first detailed discussion of his journalism and his embrace of the housing reform cause.

Bonnie Yochelsons Jacob A. Riis, Photographer After a Fashion begins with Riiss first lantern slide lecture in 1888 and concludes with his death in 1914. Building upon a prior NEH-funded access and preservation project of the Jacob A. Riis Collection at the Museum of the City of New York, Yochelson presents the first thorough study of Riiss photographs: resolving dating and attribution problems, characterizing his photographic practice, and assessing the influence of his photographs at a time of rapid technological change in the publishing industry.

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