Otto Heilbrunn - The Soviet Secret Services

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS: COLD WAR SECURITY STUDIES

Volume 53

THE SOVIET SECRET SERVICES

First published in 1956 by George Allen & Unwin Ltd

This edition first published in 2021

by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge

52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1956 George Allen & Unwin Ltd

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-0-367-56630-2 (Set)

ISBN: 978-1-00-312438-2 (Set) (ebk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-61083-8 (Volume 53) (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-00-310315-8 (Volume 53) (ebk)

Publishers Note

The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer

The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

THE SOVIET SECRET SERVICES

Otto Heilbrunn

First published in April 1956

Second impression February 1957

This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of private study, research, criticism or renew, as permitted under the Copyright Act igti, no portion may be reproduced by any process without written permission.

Inquiry shotdd be made to the publisher.

PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN

In 11 on 12 pt. Baskerville Type

BY WILLIAM BRENDON & SON, LTD.

THE MAYFLOWER PRESS (LATE OF PLYMOUTH)

AT BUSHEY MILL LANE

WATFORD, HERTS.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I am indebted to the Monitoring Service of the British Broadcasting Corporation for supplying me with the monitors reports on certain war-time broadcasts.

I am under a very special obligation to Mr. Gillespie S. Evans, Press Officer, Embassy of the United States of America in London, as well as to the United States Information Service in Washington, D.C., for very kindly providing me with material.

My thanks are also due to Miss A. C. Johnston, M.B.E., of the Foreign Office Library and Research Department, Lt. Edwin Frutiger, Editor of Der Heeres polizist, Zurich, and above all to the Librarian of the Imperial War Museum, Mr. J. R. Hillier, and his staff who cheerfully met my heavy demands on the Museums inexhaustible bookstore.

The responsibility for the contents of the book is of course entirely mine.

CONTENTS

I The Soviet Stratagem

THE SOVIET CASE MATERIAL

II A Classic in Espionage: The Red Orchestra, 194143

III A Primer in Infiltration: The Red Three, 194143

IV More About Intelligence: Partisans on Reconnaissance Missions

V A Blueprint for Subversion: The Fall of France, 1940

VI A Study in Political Warfare: The Free German Committee, 194345

VII A Plan for Sabotage: Partisans on Operational Missions

VIII A Pattern for Revolution: A Satellite is Born

IX The New Warfare Organization

FINAL ARGUMENT AND SUMMING UP

X A Leaf out of the German Book

XI On a Point of Law

XII The Soviet Sixth Column

APPENDIX: Partisan Operations: Extract from the Field Service Regulations of the Red Army, 1944

Protocol M

The Comintern Appeal for the 1st May, 1940

Memorandum on the German Political Aims in Russia

1. Half Title
2. I The Soviet Stratagem
3. The Soviet Case Material
   1. II A Classic in Espionage: The Red Orchestra, 194143
   2. III A Primer in Infiltration: The Red Three, 194143
   3. IV More About Intelligence: Partisans on Reconnaissance Missions
   4. V A Blueprint for Subversion: The Fall of France, 1940
   5. VI A Study in Political Warfare: The Free German Committee, 194345
   6. VII A Plan for Sabotage: Partisans on Operational Missions
   7. VIII A Pattern for Revolution: A Satellite is Born
   8. IX The New Warfare Organization
4. Final Argument and Summing Up
   1. X A Leaf out of the German Book
   2. XI On a Point of Law
   3. XII The Soviet Sixth Column
5. Appendix: Partisan Operations: Extract from the Field Service Regulations of the Red Army, 1944
   1. Protocol M
   2. The Comintern Appeal for the 1st May, 1940
   3. Memorandum on the German Political Aims in Russia

1. i

Guide

1. Half Title
2. Start of Content
3. Appendix: Partisan Operations: Extract from the Field Service Regulations of the Red Army, 1944

Chapter I
THE SOVIET STRATAGEM

ONCE upon a time the code of chivalry, and hence diplomatic etiquette and the usages of war, required the attacking power formally to declare war on its opponent before the opening of hostilities. After a suitable interval the opposing forces met on the battlefield, battle was joined, and the last battle decided the war.

We have by now got used to the idea that an aggressor considers civilities such as a declaration of war out of place. Yet we still cling to the notion that battles and wars are necessarily fought or decided on the battlefield.

It is true that even in wars of the past strategic victories have been sought off-stage, particularly by economic blockades, strategic bombing, and psychological warfare. But the final decisions were then still obtained on the battlefield.

Now, however, a new conception of warfare seems to be in the making in which campaigns are fought by civilians far away from the front line. Subversion, espionage by infiltration, sabotage and partisan warfare are the weapons they will use in a future hot war, and the theatres of operations are the home front and the enemys lines of communication. This is war without a battlefield, a war in which the outcome of a battle or campaign may be decided before battle is joined. Before it commences the opponent is softened up or eliminated.

Cf. Julian Amery, Of Resistance, The Nineteenth Century and After, March 1949; J. Burnham, The Coming Defeat of Communism, London, 1950.

We have recently heard a lot of Communist infiltration into Allied Government departments, of Communist fifth columns and intelligence organizations abroad, of others abroad actively preparing future partisan work in the event of war, and of Communist-led strikes in vital industries. Yet do we realize that all these activities combine to form the pattern of a new conception of warfare? The Trojan horse, partisan warfare and the fifth column, to be sure, were not invented by the Soviets. But the Russians weave the borrowed threads into a new design, the war without battlefield. By their superiority here they could offset their vulnerability on the battlefield.

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