Joseph P. Keddell - The Politics of Japanese Defense: Managing Internal and External Pressures

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The Politics of Defense in Japan

The Politics of Defense in Japan

Managing Internal and External Pressures

Joseph P. Keddell, Jr.

First published 1993 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 1993 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
No responsibilrty is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liabilrty, negligence or otherwise, or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibilrty.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Politics of defense in Japan: managing internal and external pressures
by Joseph P. Keddell, Jr.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN 1-56324-129-3
1. JapanDefenses
2. JapanMilitary policy
I. Keddell, Joseph P., 1953
UA845.P65 1993
355'.0335'52dc20
92-45246
CIP

ISBN 13: 9781563241291 (hbk)

To my wife, Sanae, son, Louis, and daughter, Julie

Contents

• ASDF Air Self-Defense Force
• ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations
• ASW Antisubmarine Warfare
• AWACS Airborne Warning and Control System (aircraft)
• DFAA Defense Facilities Administration Agency
• DOD Department of Defense
• DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory (chips)
• DSP Democratic Socialist Party
• FSX Fighter Support Experimental
• GSDF Ground Self-Defense Force
• JCP Japan Communist Party
• JMTC Joint Military Technology Commission
• JSP Japan Socialist Party
• LDP Liberal Democratic Party
• MITI Ministry of International Trade and Industry
• MSA Mutual Securrty Act
• MSDF Maritime Self-Defense Force
• MTDP Mid-Term Defense Plan
• MTPE Mid-Term Planning Estimate
• NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• NDPO National Defense Program Outline
• NPR National Police Reserve
• NPT (nuclear) Non-Proliferation Treaty
• NSF National Safety Force
• ODA Official Development Assistance
• OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
• OTH Over-the-Horizon (radar)
• PGMs Precision-Guided Munitions
• PKF Peacekeeping Force
• PKO Peacekeeping Operations
• RIMPAC Rim of the Pacific (military exercises)
• SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
• SDF Self-Defense Forces
• SDI Strategic Defense Initiative
• Sematech Semiconductor Industry Association
• SIPRI Stockholm International Peace Research Institute
• UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authorrty in Cambodia

List of Japanese Terms

• Dmei Japan Confederation of Labor
• Rinch Second Ad Hoc Commission on Administrative Reform
• Shy All-Japan Federation of Labor
• Zenchro All-Japan Securrty Forces Labor Union
• zoku Politicians with interest and or experience in a particular policy area

This book is about the politics of defense in Japan. It examines through three different periods how the Japanese government used a series of incremental measures to manage conflicting international and domestic pressures over defense issues within the context of military dependence on the United States.

This work began as a study of the One Percent of GNP Ceiling on defense expenditures (1976-1987). But in order to understand the political context of pressures for establishment, maintenance, or revision of this policy framework, it became necessary to examine other defense constraints as well. Thus the book grew to include defense constraints such as the 1954 Ban on Overseas (Defense Force) Dispatch, the 1957 Basic Policy for National Defense, the April 1967 Ban on Arms Exports, the December 1967 Three Non-Nuclear Principles, the October 1976 National Defense Program Outline (NDPO), the August 1991 Five Principles governing SDF participation in United Nations-related peacekeeping force (PKF) operations, and the June 1992 provision for prior Diet approval of overseas SDF dispatch for PKF operations. An examination of the politics surrounding these defense constraints highlights the nature of defense policymaking in Japan.

The national obsession in Japan with defense constraints shows the inordinate influence of domestic politics on defense policy within the U.S. securrty guarantee. It indicates that the ruling Liberal Democratic Party is more interested in minimizing political conflict domestically and bilaterally over defense issues than in relating military measures to force levels in other countries. The politics of defense constraints also illustrates the pervasive influence of opposition parties on defense policymaking in Japan, which most studies have ignored.

Even though these defense constraints have structured the postwar defense debate, little is known about how they originated. This study examines how each of these constraints developed and how they collectively restrain Japanese defense efforts.

August 1992
Joseph P. Keddell, Jr.

Numerous individuals and institutions helped to make this book possible. I thank Susan Phair for her advice in the early stages of my research. Intensive language training at the Inter-Universrty Center in Tokyo enabled me to conduct extensive interviews in Japanese and to read numerous books and journal articles in the language with great facilrty. The Japanese Government Scholarship allowed me to conduct two years of research in the Faculty of Law at Tokyo Universrty.

I am grateful to take Hideo for facilitating my affiliation with the Faculty of Law at Thoku Universrty as a research associate, where I was provided with generous funding for three years, I owe special thanks to the U.S.-Japan Friendship Commission, which provided funding and assistance with making contacts with Japanese politicians and government officials. I also want to thank Kat Michio, Tanami Tatsuya, and Kashiwa Yoriko of the International House in Tokyo for help in arranging many of my interviews. Such interviews helped to enhance my knowledge of the complicated but little studied politics of defense in Japan. Finally, a grant from the Ministry of Education enabled me to conduct follow-up research for six months in the Faculty of Law at Tokyo Universrty while completing my dissertation. Helpful comments were received from committee members Stephen Anderson, David Tarr, and Donald Emmerson as I prepared the final draft for submission to the Universrty of Wisconsin-Madison.

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