Willard A. Beling - Middle East Peace Plans

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ROUTLEDGE LIBRARY EDITIONS:
WAR AND SECURITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST

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Volume 6

MIDDLE EAST PEACE PLANS

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First published in 1986 by Croom Helm Ltd

This edition first published in 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN

and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

1986 Willard A. Beling

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-138-19428-1 (Set)
ISBN: 978-1-315-54183-9 (Set) (ebk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-64763-3 (Volume 6) (hbk)

Publishers Note
The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original copies may be apparent.

Disclaimer
The publisher has made every effort to trace copyright holders and would welcome correspondence from those they have been unable to trace.

1986 Willard A. Beling
Croom Helm Ltd, Provident House, Burrell Row,
Beckenham, Kent BR3 1AT
Croom Helm Australia Pty Ltd, Suite 4, 6th Floor,
6476 Kippax Street, Surry Hills, NSW 2010, Australia

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Middle East peace plans.

1. Near East Foreign relations

I. Beling, Willard A.

327.1720956 DS63.1

ISBN 0-7099-3967-1

Phototypeset in English Times by Pat and Anne Murphy,
10 Bracken Way, Walkford, Christchurch, Dorset.

Printed and bound in Great Britain
by Billing & Sons Limited, Worcester.

CONTENTS

This book derives from a series of lectures which were presented at the University of Southern California, under the sponsorship of the Middle East/North African Program during the spring semester of 1985.

A number of people played important roles in staging the lecture series and in preparing the book for publication. However, three stand out for their special contributions: Priscilla Tucker Schneidman, Douglas MacLellan and Dr Fariborz Rouzbehani.

Willard A. Beling

Peace has become a major field in the literature of the Middle East, particularly since President Sadats historic trip to Jerusalem in November 1977. Publications in the meantime fall into four main categories: those inspired by (i) Sadats trip itself and the subsequent efforts for peace; (ii) the Camp David negotiations and agreement in September 1978; (iii) the Fahd Plan of August 1981 and the Reagan and Fez Plans which followed in September 1982; and (iv) alternative proposals offered by individual politicians and area specialists.

This volume attempts to provide a somewhat different dimension. It treats the peace proposals of the various actors who have a meaningful impact on the peace process. The principal actors in the area itself, of course, are Israel, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the Arabs and, outside the Middle East, the United States, the Soviet Union and Western Europe (EEC). The essays examine the character of each plan, its commonalities/ incompatibilities with others, and finally the prospects of its being implemented.

The volumes aim is not to moralize since it has no peace plan of its own, nor does it aim to sell any plan. Indeed, its sole goal is to examine the plans, their diversity and the potential for acceptability or change. Is there any light at the end of the tunnel for peace in the Middle East? These essays answer this question, it is hoped, as well as anyone could.

Diverse National Interests: Diverse Positions

Although there are other influential factors, diverse national interests are ultimately responsible for the diverse positions on the Middle East. Therefore, it is not logical at all to expect a universally acceptable peace plan, much less one acceptable to the major antagonists in the conflict. Nevertheless, it should be noted in this regard that national interests are not static. They are formed by domestic forces which themselves evolve and change. In effect, positions can change, indeed dramatically. They are not cast in concrete.

The Middle Eastern Actors

Israel and the Palestinians

The two major actors in the Palestinian conflict are the Palestinians and the Israelis. Popular identification of it as the Arab-Israeli conflict has, of course, always clouded this fact. In the name of Arab nationalism, its self-avowed leader Abdel Nasser of Egypt had insisted that it was an Arab issue. For their own purposes the Israelis also preferred this label for the dispute. The world media followed suit.

President Bourguiba of Tunisia always disagreed with Nasser on this point, insisting that it was really a Palestinian fight first and then Arab, in that order, and the latters only if the Palestinians themselves took up the issue and sought Arab aid. The creation of the PLO in the early 1960s and the 1967 war were major turning points in this direction. Nevertheless, almost every actor involved in the peace process, including Israelis and Arabs themselves, ironically still often ignore the Palestinians while trying to resolve the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

The formulas for peace of both Israelis and Palestinians were, of course, mutually exclusive from the beginning. They have not changed their respective positions very much in the meantime. Nevertheless, there has been a certain evolution: they are no longer completely polarized. One can recall when they barely acknowledged each others existence. The other actors in the process have changed their positions far more.

The PLO has its own peace plans(s), which, in their most moderate format, have evolved (according to some observers) to the point of providing official recognition of Israel in exchange for a homeland. However, the fact that neither Israel nor the United States will recognize the PLO blunts the latters hopes for its plans. Israelis programme of settlements in the occupied West Bank may in the meantime, of course, eliminate the possibility of achieving peace on that basis. There may be no land left to exchange for peace with the Palestinians. In light of all the recent developments, Helena Cobban examines the PLOs plans for peace in .

While the PLO apparently has become more moderate, Israel apparently hardened its position under the Likud. But not really. Its position on Eretz Israel was always clear: neither Labour nor the Likud will give up the West Bank. There is consensus on this point. In effect, only the borders with its Arab neighbours are left to be negotiated. To this end, should not the Israelis logically prefer negotiating with Arabs rather than Palestinians, with Hussein or Mubarak rather than Arafat? Peace with Arab neighbours will resolve their border problems, and within these borders the Israelis feel that they can handle the internal problems with the remaining Palestinians. Professor Don Peretz evaluates the prospects of peace from the Israeli perspective in .

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