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Christopher Goodrich - Discrete Fractional Calculus

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Christopher Goodrich Discrete Fractional Calculus

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This text provides the first comprehensive treatment of the discrete fractional calculus. Experienced researchers will find the text useful as a reference for discrete fractional calculus and topics of current interest. Students who are interested in learning about discrete fractional calculus will find this text to provide a useful starting point. Several exercises are offered at the end of each chapter and select answers have been provided at the end of the book.

The presentation of the content is designed to give ample flexibility for potential use in a myriad of courses and for independent study. The novel approach taken by the authors includes a simultaneous treatment of the fractional- and integer-order difference calculus (on a variety of time scales, including both the usual forward and backwards difference operators). The reader will acquire a solid foundation in the classical topics of the discrete calculus while being introduced to exciting recent developments, bringing them to the frontiers of the subject.

Most chapters may be covered or omitted, depending upon the background of the student. For example, the text may be used as a primary reference in an introductory course for difference equations which also includes discrete fractional calculus. Chapters 12 provide a basic introduction to the delta calculus including fractional calculus on the set of integers. For courses where students already have background in elementary real analysis, Chapters 12 may be covered quickly and readers may then skip to Chapters 67 which present some basic results in fractional boundary value problems (FBVPs). Chapters 67 in conjunction with some of the current literature listed in the Bibliography can provide a basis for a seminar in the current theory of FBVPs. For a two-semester course, Chapters 15 may be covered in depth, providing a very thorough introduction to both the discrete fractional calculus as well as the integer-order calculus.

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Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2015
Christopher Goodrich and Allan C. Peterson Discrete Fractional Calculus 10.1007/978-3-319-25562-0_1
1. Basic Difference Calculus
Christopher Goodrich 1 and Allan C. Peterson 2
(1)
Department of Mathematics, Creighton Preparatory School, Omaha, NE, USA
(2)
Department of Mathematics, University of NebraskaLincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
1.1 Introduction
In this section we introduce the basic delta calculus that will be useful for our later results. Frequently, the functions we consider will be defined on a set of the form
where or a set of the form where and - photo 1
where or a set of the form where and b a is a positive integer Definition 11 - photo 2 or a set of the form
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 3
where Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 4 and b a is a positive integer.
Definition 1.1.
Assume Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 5 . If b > a , then we define the forward difference operator Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 6 by
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 7
for Picture 8
Note that in Definition we make a slight abuse of notation by writing Picture 9 , as we shall do throughout this text. Technically, it would be more precise to write Picture 10 to emphasize that Picture 11 is a function that is being evaluated at the point t . However, as long as one understands this true meaning of the notation, then we see no harm in using the simpler-to-read notation Picture 12 .
Definition 1.2.
We define the forward jump operator Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 13 on Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 14 by
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 15
It is often convenient to use the notation to denote the function defined by the composition that is for - photo 16 to denote the function defined by the composition that is for Also the operator - photo 17 that is
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 18
for Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 19 Also, the operator Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 20 , Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 21 is defined recursively by Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 22 for Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 23 , where we assume the integer b a n .Finally, Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 24 denotes the identity operator, i.e., Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 25
In the following theorem we give several important properties of the forward difference operator.
Theorem 1.3.
Assume Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 26 and Picture 27 , then for Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 28
(i)
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 29
(ii)
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 30
(iii)
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 31
(iv)
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 32
(v)
vi where in vi we assume gt 0 Proof We wi - photo 33
(vi)
where in vi we assume gt 0 Proof We will just prove iv and the - photo 34
where in (vi) we assume g(t) 0, Proof We will just prove iv and the quotient rule vi Since we have that - photo 35
Proof.
We will just prove (iv) and the quotient rule (vi). Since
we have that iv holds To see that the quotient rule vi holds note that - photo 36
we have that (iv) holds. To see that the quotient rule (vi) holds, note that
The proof of the product rule v is Exercise Due to the fact that ii and - photo 37
The proof of the product rule (v) is Exercise .
Due to the fact that (ii) and (iii) hold in Theorem we say Picture 38 is a linear operator .
Next, we define the falling function.
Definition 1.4 (Falling Function).
For n a positive integer we define the falling function , read t to the n falling by Also we let t 1 The falling function is - photo 39 , read t to the n falling, by
Discrete Fractional Calculus - image 40
Also we let t :=1.
The falling function is defined so that the following power rule holds.
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