Dean Littlepage - Stellers Island: Adventures of a Pioneer Naturalist in Alaska
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* Examines the historical legacy of the man whose name graces the Stellers jay, Steller sea lion, Stellers eider, and more
* Places Stellers journey in context for today, following the impact of his discoveries to the present
In 1741, a Russian expedition ship captained by Vitus Bering carried the first scientist to set foot anywhere on the western half of North America. Georg Steller would introduce the world to the staggering wealth and diversity of life of the North Pacific, providing the first European accounts of the sea otter, sea lion, northern fur seal, native Alaskan Chugach people, and more. Stellers Island is a fascinating tale of the rewards and perils of exploration in this era. It is about the courage of scientific curiosity, even in uncharted waters, alien lands, and desperate circumstances, including storms, scurvy, and shipwreck.
Steller traveled deep into the wild with little on his back. In the one day Bering permitted him to explore Kayak Island along the southern Alaskan coast, he catalogued more than one hundred previously unknown plants. He was the only European naturalist to see the spectacled cormorant alive and his is our one and only account of the now extinct Stellers sea cow. In accounts of the Chugach and Aleut people, Steller was the first scientist to hypothesize an Asian origin for Native Americans. The crew of the St. Peter credited him with their lives: His novel prescription of wild greens cured their scurvy, and his knowledge of sea mammals and Native hunting techniques meant food for the starving.
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STELLERS ISLAND
STELLERS ISLAND
Adventures of a Pioneer Naturalist in Alaska
DEAN LITTLEPAGE
THE MOUNTAINEERS BOOKS
is the nonprofit publishing arm of The Mountaineers Club, an organization founded in 1906 and dedicated to the exploration, preservation, and enjoyment of outdoor and wilderness areas.
1001 SW Klickitat Way, Suite 201, Seattle, WA 98134
2006 by Dean Littlepage
All rights reserved
First edition, 2006
No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, without permission in writing from the publisher.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Acquiring Editor: Kate Rogers
Project Editor: Christine Hosler
Copy Editor: Alice Copp Smith
Cover, Book Design, and Layout: Mayumi Thompson
Cartographer: Linda M. Feltner
Illustrator: Judy Shimono
Cover image: Off Mount Desert Island by Fitz Hugh Lane. Brooklyn Museum of Art/Corbis
Frontispiece: Stellers jay (Cyanocitta stelleri)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Littlepage, Dean.
Stellers island : adventures of a pioneer naturalist in Alaska / Dean Littlepage.1st ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-59485-057-7 (pbk.)
1. Steller, Georg Wilhelm, 1709-1746. 2. NaturalistsAlaskaBiography. 3.
ExplorersAlaskaBiography. 4. Kamchatskaia ekspeditsiia (2nd : 1733-1743) 5. Natural historyAlaska. 6. AlaskaDiscovery and exploration. I. Title.
QH31.S65L58 2007
508.092dc22
[B]
2006025399
Printed on recycled paper
I would not exchange the experience of nature I had on this miserable voyage for any amount of money.
Georg Steller, letter to Johann Gmelin
Contents
THE AMERICAN EXPEDITION, ON THE ST. PETER:
Vitus Bering, Danish captain of the St. Peter; commander of the Second Kamchatka Expedition
Sven Waxell, Berings Swedish first lieutenant
Sofron Khitrovo, Berings second lieutenant, a Russian
Georg Steller, German physician and naturalist; Russian Academy of Sciences adjunct
Friedrich Plenisner, German surveyor and artist; Stellers friend
Thomas Lepekhin, Stellers Russian assistant
Andreas Hesselberg, first mate and navigator, a 70-year-old German or Swede
Kharlam Yushin, second mate and keeper of the ships log, a Russian
Johan Sind, junior officer, a German
Dmitry Ovtsyn, Russian sailor, a demoted lieutenant; special assistant to Bering
Nils Jansen, lead boatswain, a Norwegian
Aleksei Ivanov, assistant boatswain, a Russian
Boris Roselius, ships constable, a Dane
Matthias Betge, Swedish assistant surgeon
Sava Starodubtsov, Russian journeyman carpenter
Nikita Shumagin, Russian sailor
Andrei Tretyakov, Russian army grenadier
THE AMERICAN EXPEDITION, ON THE ST. PAUL:
Aleksei Chirikov, captain of the St. Paul, a Russian
Ivan Yelagin, Russian second mate and navigator
Louis de lIsle de la Croyre, French geographer and astronomer with the Academy of Sciences
Avraam Dementiev, lead boatswain, a Russian
Sidor Savelev, Russian assistant boatswain
OTHERS, NOT ON THE VOYAGE TO AMERICA:
Martin Spangberg, Danish captain of the voyage to the Kuril Islands and Japan
Johann Gmelin, lead Russian Academy of Sciences biologist, a German
Gerhard Mller, lead Academy historian and archivist, a German
Stepan Krashenninikov, Russian student assistant with the Academy
Andrei Krasilnikov, Russian assistant to Louis de lIsle de la Croyre
| 1709 | March 10: Georg Wilhelm Steller is born in the Free City of Windsheim (now part of Germany). |
| 1728 | Vitus Bering discovers the strait, now Bering Strait, between Asia and North America. |
| 1729 | Steller begins his study of theology at the University of Wittenberg. |
| 1731 | Enrolls at the University of Halle, studying theology, medicine, and biology. |
| 1732 | Bering leaves St. Petersburg, Russia, on his second expedition to eastern Siberia and beyond. |
| 1734 | Steller passes an examination in Berlin qualifying him as professor of botany. Arrives in St. Petersburg and finds work in the citys botanical garden. |
| 1737 | Appointed adjunct professor of natural history in Russias Academy of Sciences, assigned to Berings expedition. Marries Brigitta von Bchler. |
| 1738 | Leaves St. Petersburg for Siberia to join the expedition; he and Brigitta separate in Moscow. |
| 1739 | January: Meets the Academys Gmelin and Mller in Yeniseysk, Siberia. |
| July: Explores Lake Baikal and the Barguzin Mountains. | |
| 1740 | August: Arrives on the Sea of Okhotsk coast; meets Bering for the first time. |
| September: Arrives in Bolsheretsk, Kamchatka. | |
| 1741 | March: Joins Bering for the voyage to America in Avacha Bay, Kamchatka. |
| June: Berings ship the St. Peter and its sister ship, the St. Paul, set sail. Two weeks into the voyage, the ships separate in a fog. | |
| July: Steller lands on Kayak Island; his exploration of the island marks the first scientific discoveries in western North America. | |
| August: Berings crew makes landfall in the Shumagin Islands. | |
| September: After meeting Aleuts in the Shumagins, Steller writes the first detailed account of Alaskas Native people. | |
| November: Suffering from a scurvy epidemic, the crew anchors the storm-battered ship off Bering Island. Led by Steller, they prepare to spend the winter on the island. A storm drives the ship onto the beach and destroys the hull. |
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