Tony Lee Moral is a documentary filmmaker and writer. He is the author of two previous books on Alfred Hitchcock: Hitchcockand the Making of Marnie (2002) and Alfred Hitchcocks Movie Making Masterclass, a cinematic guide to the master of suspense.
Thank you to Patricia Hitchcock OConnell, Taylor & Faust and Steven Kravitz of the Alfred J Hitchcock Trust for giving me permission to quote and publish from the Hitchcock Collection at the Margaret Herrick Library in Beverly Hills, and also to the library staff, especially Barbara Hall and Kristine Krueger.
Letters, certain information regarding The Birds and Marnie, and other material from Evan Hunters memoir Me and Hitch have been used with the kind permission of the authors estate 1997. I also thank Anita Hunter and sons Richard and Mark for sharing memories of Evan, husband and father. Thank you to the Howard Gottlieb Archival Research Centre at Boston University and Dragica Hunter for giving me access to Evans files.
Of the actors who worked on The Birds, I thank Rod Taylor, Tippi Hedren, Veronica Cartwright and Shari Lee Bernath for sharing their memories. From the Hitchcock crew I thank Robert Boyle, Jim Brown, John Bud Cardos, Helen Colvig, Virginia Darcy, Hilton Green, Norman Lloyd, Marshall Schlom, Ted Parvin, Harold Michelson and Rita Riggs.
I owe a big debt of gratitude to Peter Bogdanovich who so generously allowed me to publish excerpts of his series of interviews with Alfred Hitchcock. Thanks also to Laura Truffaut for kindly allowing me to quote from her father Franois Truffauts seminal book on Hitchcock. I am also very grateful to Bill Krohn for generously sharing his roundtable discussion on The Birds involving Bob Boyle, Albert Whitlock and Harold Michelson, originally published in Cahiers du Cinma in 1982.
The Edith Head sketches were provided with the kind permission of the Motion Picture & Television Fund, and thank you to Valeri Furst for allowing me to publish from the Claudia Franck collection of letters at the Academy.
Permission to access and quote from The Birds files in the Penguin archives was granted by Penguin Books Ltd. Biographical information on Daphne du Maurier was provided by her son Kits Browning, biographer Richard Kelly and Ann Willmore. Thank you to Stephen Vagg who so generously shared his research on Rod Taylor. For those crew members who have long passed away, I have relied on interviews from Kyle Counts excellent article on the making of the film, which appeared in Cinefantastique in 1980.
For the chapter on Remi Gassmann I thank the University of California, Irvine. I also thank MOMA and its past and present employees Eileen Bowser, Joanne Koch, Jo-Ann Ordano, Jim Watters, Charles Silver and Laurence Kardish, for help with Hitchcocks proposed screening of The Birds. Thanks to Universal Studios, both the marketing and legal departments, for their support in this project.
Other people I owe thanks to include Craig Barron, Emily Boyle, Nora Brown, Dave DeCaro, Syd Dutton, Irene Halsman, Steve Hare, Don Iwerks, Robert Kapsis, Daniel Raim, Bill Taylor, Lillian Michelson, Norma Shepherd, Steven C Smith, Marc Wanamaker and June Whitlock. Also the residents of Bodega Bay including John Bressie, Glenice Carpenter, Paul & Karen Bianchi, Leah Taylor and Michael Fahmie.
Permission to publish the photographs in the book was provided by the Chichester Partnership, Penguin, Richard Hunter, James O Mason, the Estate of Robert F Boyle, Deutsches Filminstitut, June Whitlock, Lillian Michelson, Norma Shepherd, the Alfred J Hitchcock Trust, Jerry Ohlinger Movie Materials Store, the Motion Picture & Television Fund, Universal Pictures/TCD and the Bison Archives/Marc Wanamaker. For the authors photo op with Brann the Raven, I thank Marie Mann Photography, Jo Sarsby Management and Lloyd & Rose Buck.
CONTENTS
In his most ambitious, technically challenging and innovative film, The Birds, Alfred Hitchcock achieved what had never before been seen on screen. When the film was released in the spring of 1963, it proved to be his most avant-garde, modernist and experimental film, utilising pioneering special effects, audacious in its conception and execution. Hitchcock himself said, I suppose that The Birds is probably the most prodigious job ever done.
What are the birds supposed to signify? Hitchcock said that his film was about complacency, reflecting the fact that ordinary men and women go about their lives seemingly unaware that catastrophe may be imminent. The film was conceived during the period of the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Bel Air Fire, the Missouri Floods and the overshadowing threat of nuclear war. Hitchcock said he wanted to stir people out of their apathy and make them sit up and take notice of the danger all around them.
Today, on our volatile and disaster-prone planet, its all too easy to identify with The Birds. Violence can erupt in our lives at any moment. We are threatened by hurricanes, earthquakes, tsunamis, storms and floods, yet the vast majority of us are oblivious to these dangers. Neither can man-made threats such as global warming and climate change be clearly divisible from natural dangers, and, in an age of international terrorism and worldwide terror networks, The Birds takes on a new significance. Most of us take nature for granted until we are faced with sudden loss and the eruption of chaos, as symbolised by the birds. The characters in Hitchcocks film represent those people who face up to disaster and reveal their inner strength, discovering in the process just how fragile and precious human relationships are.
2013 marks the 50th anniversary of The Birds. The film was made at the pinnacle of Hitchcocks career, following the monumental success of Psycho in 1960. Hitchcock felt he was entering his golden age; he was brimming with ideas and was at his creative peak. The Birds would surely be his crowning achievement. It would take almost two years, from 1961 to 1963, to bring The Birds to the screen and its production exactly spanned the tumultuous background of JFKs presidency, which witnessed the Bay of Pigs invasion, the rise of Fidel Castro and Kennedys own demise. Like