Purshotam Kaushik - Microbiology Question and Answer

MICROBIOLOGYQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ( ii) MICROBIOLOGYQUESTIONS AND ANSWERS[For B.Sc. (Pass & Hons.) and M.Sc. students of all Indian Universitiesand also useful for Competitive examinations like NET, GATE, etc.]Dr. PURSHOTAM KAUSHIKM.Sc., Ph.D.,Certificate course in German, F.A.P.S, F.B.S.Professor & Dean, Faculty of Life SciencesDepartment of Botany and MicrobiologyGurukul Kangri UniversityHaridwarDr. KIRTI KAUSHIKPh.D.Post doctoral AssociateUniversity of MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota, U.S.AS.

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Radhakrishna Towers, Seethammadhara North Extn., Visakhapatnam - 530 013, (M) 09347580841, visakhapatnam@schandgroup.com (Marketing Office)2000, Dr. Purshotam KaushikAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied in any material form (including photocopying or storing it in any medium in form of graphics, electronic or mechanical means and whether or nottransient or incidental to some other use of this publication) without written permission of the copyright owner.Any breach of this will entail legal action and prosecution without further notice.Jurisdiction : All desputes with respect to this publication shall be subject to the jurisdiction of the Courts, tribunalsand forums of New Delhi, India only.First Edition 2000, Second Edition 2004 (S. Chand), Third Edition 2008Fourth Revised Edition, 2012ISBN : 81-219-2386-7 Code : 03B 320 PRINTED IN INDIA By Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055and published by S. P.N. P.N.

Mehra (1907 1994)D.Sc. F.N.A., F.N.A. Sc.Professor EmeritusPanjab University, Chandigarh ( vi) GENESIS In my teaching experience of more than 30 years no doubt I came across several good books of microbiology but what I missed dearly was a study material of some sort of questions and answers which I could give to my dear students so that they could do self assesment. Therefore, an idea came to my mind to prepare such a text myself which would contain in ink my live and interactive experience with students during the last three decades. It was conceived for a text which would help students for both, to study and to test themselves; and to revise on their own. Thus was born Microbiology Questions and Answers.

Wish you a happy and joyful reading and a wonderful career ahead. PURSHOTAM KAUSHIK ( vii) ( viii) Foreword I am happy to write a foreword to 4th edition of MICROBIOLOGY: QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS by Dr. Purshotam Kaushik, Professor & Dean, Faculty of Life Sciences, Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri University, Hardwar; and Dr. Kirti Kaushik, Post doctoral Associate, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, U.S.A. The microbiology is considered to be one of the most applied branches of biology. It provides not merely information regarding cellular and non-cellular microorganisms, rather more important aspects of life including microbial genetics and molecular biology, which are comparatively much difficult to study in higher plants and animals.

Some of the strange characteristics, viz. survival of bacterial spores, concept of enzyme energetics and metabolism make it more fascinating. Today, we not only understand viruses but viroids and prions also. The production of several important chemicals besides antibiotics, vitamins, and amino acids, and brewing find application in large scale as well as small scale in the industry. This book provides chapters on history of microbiology, microscope, microbial diversity, the bacteria, the Bergeys Manual, the viruses, ribosomal RNA in microbial taxonomy, cultivation and growth of microorganisms, immunology, microbial genetics, microbial biotechnology, industrial microbiology, food and dairy microbiology, soil microbiology, water and waste water microbiology, biological control, mycorrhizae, biosensors, and applications of microbiology. Prof.