William M. Rohe - Planning with Neighborhoods
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Planning with Neighborhoods: summary, description and annotation
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Neighborhood planning programs involve citizens in developing plans and self-help projects for their neighborhoods through local organizations. They also assist residents in reviewing projects developed by city agencies. Based on a survey of fifty-one neighborhood planning programs and in-depth case studies of Atlanta, Cincinnati, Houston, St. Paul, Wilmington, N.C., and Raleigh, Planning with Neighborhoods offers the first comprehensive description and evaluation of the effectiveness of these programs.
Moving beyond theory, this study reviews the actual accomplishments and limitations of neighborhood planning programs and offers specific recommendations for designing a successful program. Included are a thorough history of neighborhood planning programs and an examination of the social, political, and planning theories that support their existence. Eight propositions on the benefits of a neighborood-based approach to planning are derived from this theory and evaluated on the basis of actual experience with this type of program. Speaking to both academics interested in neighborhood issues and planning practitioners, Planning with Neighborhoods concludes with recommendations for establishing effective neighborhood planning programs and improving existing programs.
Originally published in 1985.
A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
Moving beyond theory, this study reviews the actual accomplishments and limitations of neighborhood planning programs and offers specific recommendations for designing a successful program. Included are a thorough history of neighborhood planning programs and an examination of the social, political, and planning theories that support their existence. Eight propositions on the benefits of a neighborood-based approach to planning are derived from this theory and evaluated on the basis of actual experience with this type of program. Speaking to both academics interested in neighborhood issues and planning practitioners, Planning with Neighborhoods concludes with recommendations for establishing effective neighborhood planning programs and improving existing programs.
Originally published in 1985.
A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
William M. Rohe: author's other books
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William M. Rohe
William M. Rohe
Mary Grace Flaherty
Joanna Hayden
Karen (Kay) M Perrin
Louise Worsley
Gerald L. Gordon
David P. Varady
Rodolfo A. Bulatao
Daniel D. McLean
Jan Buchanan
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Planning with Neighborhoods
Urban and Regional Policy and Development Studies
Michael A. Stegman, Series Editor
1985 The University of North Carolina Press
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Rohe, William M.
Planning with neighborhoods.
(Urban and regional policy and development studies)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Community development, UrbanUnited States. 2. NeighborhoodUnited StatesPlanning. I. Gates, Lauren B. II. Title. III. Series.
HN90.C6R64 1985 307.12 84-17221
ISBN 0-8078-1638-8
ISBN 0-8078-4133-1 (pbk)
THIS BOOK WAS DIGITALLY MANUFACTURED.
To our parents for their love and support
Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Table
4.1 Methods of Neighborhood Definition
4.2 Organizers of Neighborhood Groups
4.3 Methods of Selecting Neighborhood Representatives
4.4 Means of Program Sanction
4.5 Administering Agencies
4.6 Support to Participating Neighborhood Groups
4.7 Roles of Neighborhood Planners
4.8 Roles of Neighborhood Groups
4.9 Sources of Initial Program Support
4.10 Sources of Initial Program Opposition
4.11 Methods of Influencing City Officials
4.12 Size of Cities with Neighborhood Planning Programs
4.13 Geographic Distribution of Cities with Neighborhood Planning Programs
5.1 Program Accomplishments as Identified by Survey Respondents
5.2 Improved Physical Elements Identified by Survey Respondents
5.3 Ratings of Citizen Influence on City Officials
5.4 Improved Local Services Mentioned by Survey Respondents
5.5 Ratings of Program Influence on Citizen-Government Relations
5.6 Ratings of Program Influence on Resistance to Project Implementation
5.7 Ratings of Neighborhood Type Most Active in the Program
6.1 The Influence of Local Organization on Program Effectiveness
6.2 The Influence of Program Structure on Program Effectiveness
6.3 The Influence of Program Operation on Program Effectiveness
6.4 The Influence of Interorganizational Relations on Program Effectiveness
6.5 The Influence of Community Context on Program Effectiveness
7.1 Problems with Neighborhood Planning Programs Identified by Survey Respondents
7.2 Ratings of the Representativeness of Local Groups
Figure
4.1 Elements of Neighborhood Planning Programs and Their Contexts
Preface
Upon reviewing the literature on neighborhood planning in preparation for teaching a course in this area, we discovered that very little had been written on the effectiveness of contemporary neighborhood planning programs. The available works consisted of either how-to guides or simple descriptions of programs with little or no evaluation. Their authors typically justified neighborhood planning programs on philosophical or theoretical grounds, not on measurements of performance. Our desire was to go beyond the existing literature to provide students, practitioners, and scholars interested in neighborhood planning with concrete examples of accomplishments and with prescriptions for developing successful programs. Hence, we began conducting case studies of operating programs seeking to uncover both their strengths and weaknesses. We also decided to survey all neighborhood planning programs in the country to obtain a sense of the diversity of program styles and more data on the accomplishments and problems associated with these programs.
The data reported herein were collected over a two-year period between 1979 and 1981. Since that time, some of the programs have been revised in response to internal evaluations or simply shifts in political currents. This does not diminish the relevance of these findings, however, since we are interested in evaluating a general class of programs and developing general recommendations, rather than evaluating specific programs.
In addition to any usefulness this study may have as a description and evaluation of the state of neighborhood planning in the United States, we hope it will aid in the development of neighborhood planning programs in cities where they do not exist and contribute to the improvement of currently operating programs.
Ultimately, we seek to improve the effectiveness of American city planning in achieving an improved quality of life for urban residents. The development and improvement of neighborhood planning programs, we believe, is a major step in this direction.
We wish to thank Jon Howes of the Center for Urban and Regional Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who helped arrange initial funding for this project. Other funding came from a Junior Faculty Development Award provided by the University of North Carolina.
Our faculty and student colleagues at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill also deserve thanks for their support, encouragement, and insight. They have helped create a supportive intellectual environment that makes scholarly activity both more productive and more enjoyable. Finally, we owe a special debt of gratitude to the citizens and planners who took time out of their busy schedules to talk with us about their work. The enthusiasm and genuine concern demonstrated by these individuals made this project both exciting and personally meaningful.
Planning with Neighborhoods
1. Introduction
If we are to speak realistically of preconditions for effective change, it must be recognized that the neighborhoodnot the sprawling, anonymous metropolisis the key.
The National Commission on Neighborhoods, People Building Neighborhoods
The city is far from simply a collection of people and buildings. Rather it is a mosaic of distinct neighborhoods, each with its own character and reputation created by the characteristics of residents, housing types, ages and styles, and economic activities. Moreover, these distinct neighborhoods have different needs, issues, and problems which necessitate different kinds and styles of public programs.
Throughout this century, the neighborhood has been a major focus of attention among those concerned with urban affairs. This focus on neighborhoods stems from the belief that they represent the building blocks of the city. The health of a city is largely dependent on the vitality of its individual neighborhoods, and the physical and social conditions in neighborhoods to a large extent define the quality of life for urban residents. They affect individual decisions to stay or to seek more desirable living conditions in suburban or rural locations. Those decisions, in turn, affect the local tax base and the overall viability of urban areas.
Contemporary neighborhood planning programs represent attempts to address the quality of life in neighborhoods. They seek to identify problems, as defined by residents, and to prevent future problems from developing. They are designed to improve or stabilize neighborhood characteristics important to citizen perceptions of quality of life. Neighborhood planning programs address the smaller issues of concern to local residents and crucial to the continued viability of neighborhoods and ultimately the city as a whole. Their method is based on a respect for the unique perspectives of local residents and involves substantial citizen participation in both the development of plans and their implementation.
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