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American Museum of Natural History - Extinct & Endangered: Insects in Peril

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Extraordinary images by master macro photographer Levon Biss capture a vanishing world of insects from the collections of the American Museum of Natural History in New York

Insects are at once our most familiar fellow animals and the most mysterious. They appear to be indestructible, but globally, insect species are quietly disappearing in the sixth mass extinction that life on Earth is undergoing today. This joint project of photographer Levon Biss and the American Museum of Natural History contains indelible images of 40 extinct or endangered species in the museums collection, selected from its vast holdings by a team of scientists. They range from imperiled old friends like the monarch butterfly and the nine-spotted ladybug to the remote Lord Howe Island stick insect of Australia, thought to be extinct for most of the 20th century until a tiny population was discovered and bred in captivity in 2001. All were sent to Bisss studio, where he created commanding portraits that can be enlarged 300-times lifesize to reveal vivid full-page details of form and colora world invisible to our naked eyes. The result is a book that insists on the momentous significance of these small, mostly unknown creatures.

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Table of Contents
Guide
Extinct Endangered Extinct Endangered - photo 1
Extinct Endangered Extinct Endangered Extinct Endangered INSECTS IN - photo 2
Extinct & Endangered
Extinct Endangered Extinct Endangered INSECTS IN PERIL PHOTOGRAPHS BY - photo 3
Extinct & Endangered
Extinct Endangered INSECTS IN PERIL PHOTOGRAPHS BY LEVON BISS From the - photo 4
Extinct & Endangered
INSECTS IN PERIL
PHOTOGRAPHS BY LEVON BISS
From the collections of the
AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Foreword by
DAVID A. GRIMALDI
ABRAMS, NEW YORK
Contents - photo 5
Contents Insects in Peril DAVID A GRIMALD - photo 6
Contents Insects in Peril DAVID A GRIMALDI I t is often said that the - photo 7
Contents
Insects in Peril DAVID A GRIMALDI I t is often said that the reality of war is - photo 8
Insects in Peril DAVID A GRIMALDI I t is often said that the reality of war is - photo 9
Insects in Peril
DAVID A. GRIMALDI
I
t is often said that the reality of war is known only to those for whom it is up close and
personal. Humans of course have constantly been at war with ourselves, but also against
nature. In both conflicts the vanquished include legions of the obscure, as invisible in
death as they were in life.
Here, photographer Levon Biss makes brilliantly visible some of the obscure vic-
tims in the assault on nature, the insects. Everyone knows what pandas and whales look
like, but behold: the giant Patagonian bumblebee, Bombus dahlbomii (), also called
the flying mouse, the largest bumblebee in the world; the puritan tiger beetle, Cicindela
puritana (), ironically named for the pious New England settlers and its predatory
stealth; the Hawaiian hammerheaded fruit fly, Idiomyia heteroneura (), probably the
most distinctive among the hundreds of native fruit flies in this archipelago. These and
thirty-seven other species are a selection of insects from the collections of the American
Museum of Natural History that are vulnerable, threatened, endangered, imperiled, critically
imperiled, and even extinct, according to the official designations used for conservation.
One reason insects are so obscure to us, of course, is their size. Biss brings great
clarity. His extraordinary photos capture the intricate microscapes of insectsthe eye
facets, fine hairs, punctures, mouthparts, wing veins, minutely latticed scales, and sensory
structures. This infinite detail beguiled me as a student, peering through a microscope,
and it still does. Size means nothing, according to Sir Martin Rees, Astronomer Royal of
the United Kingdom, an insect is more complex than a star. Indeed. Among scientists,
complexity can become an obsession, one to which entomologists are especially prone. In
our fervor to discover, describe, and name the millions of species of insects before many
are lost, entomologists are ridiculously outnumbered. So many species, a recently late
colleague of mine used to say, and so little time.
Vertebrates are far better monitored and protected than most insects, a conse-
quence of the fact that for most people, insects are not just simply unknown but seriously
misunderstood. I commonly hearin reference to roaches, mosquitoes, bedbugs, and the
likethat insects will outlive us! While the few human commensals may indeed outlive
us, please dont equate those with 99.99 percent of all other insects. (I never hear that,
with all the rats, mice, pigeons, and starlings, the worlds mammals and birds will be just
fine.) To a scientist concerned for all of nature, this focus on large animals is myopic, since
insects are far more important ecologically just by virtue of pollination, let alone all the
other ecosystem services they provide, as well as being beautiful. Insects were also the first
TITLE-PAGE SPREAD: Christmas beetle (see ).
PREVIOUS SPREAD: Giant Patagonian bumblebee (see ).
OPPOSITE: Louisiana eyed-silkmoth (see ).
animals to fly 100 million years before pterosaurs the first to live in - photo 10
animals to fly (100 million years before pterosaurs), the first to live in complex societies,
the first gardeners, and it was their early partnership with plants that probably allowed for
the flowering of the world. Take away the worlds mammals and the planet would not look
much different; take away just the bees and other insect pollinators, the ants and termites,
and life on land could collapse.
The monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (), North Americas favorite and
most recognizable insect, has been steadily declining for decades but is still not officially
protected. Monarchs are carefully monitored at their wintering roosts in Mexico (for the
eastern population) and in California (for the western population). Both populations have
plunged. But in November 2020, a court ruled that the western population cant be pro-
tected because the California Endangered Species Act doesnt include insects. And the U.S.
government determined in 2020 that, while the monarch overall qualifies for protection
under the federal Endangered Species Act, actual protection is precluded at this time by
higher priority actions.
Meanwhile, as California continues to dry out and be consumed by fires, the western
monarch is perilously close to extinction, despite its celebrity. This is ominous for the many
obscure plants and animals endemic to California, like the cousin tiger moth, Lophocampa
sobrina (); and the San
Joaquin Valley flower-loving fly, Rhaphiomidas trochilus (). Australia is in a similar
predicament. Island biotas are even more fragile, but for different reasons. Species on islands,
like the Lord Howe Island stick insect, Dryococelus australis (), which succumbed
to introduced rats, mongoose, and insect species, lose their defensive and competitive
abilities. The Hawaiian Islands, home to thousands of species living only there, have been
called Extinction Central.
The world was awakened by two major studies on insect populations in Germany
published in 2017 and 2019. These reported an alarming decline over several decades of
7080 percent in the number of insect individuals overall and about 30 percent in the num-
ber of species. It quickly became the Insect Apocalypse. Severe declines have also been
documented from Puerto Rico to Greenland, and numerous studies on most continents are
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