John W. Baldwin - The Language of Sex: Five Voices from Northern France around 1200
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This study brings together widely divergent discourses to fashion a comprehensive picture of sexual language and attitudes at a particular time and place in the medieval world.
John Baldwin introduces five representative voices from the turn of the twelfth century in northern France: Pierre the Chanter speaks for the theological doctrine of Augustine; the Prose Salernitan Questions, for the medical theories of Galen; Andre the Chaplain, for the Ovidian literature of the schools; Jean Renart, for the contemporary romances; and Jean Bodel, for the emerging voices of the fabliaux. Baldwin juxtaposes their views on a range of essential subjects, including social position, the sexual body, desire and act, and procreation. The result is a fascinating dialogue of how they agreed or disagreed with, ignored, imitated, or responded to each other at a critical moment in the development of European ideas about sexual desire, fulfillment, morality, and gender.
These spokesmen allow us into the discussion of sexuality inside the church and schools of the clergy, in high and popular culture of the leity. This heterogeneous discussion also offers a startling glimpse into the construction of gender specific to this moment, when men and women enjoyed equal status in sexual matters, if nowhere else.
Taken together, these voices extend their reach, encompass their subject, and point to a center where social reality lies. By articulating reality at its varied depths, this study takes its place alongside groundbreaking works by James Brundage, John Boswell, and Leah Otis in extending our understanding of sexuality and sexual behavior in the Middle Ages.
Superb work. . . . These five kinds of discourse are not often treated together in scholarly writing, let alone compared and contrasted so well.Edward Collins Vacek, Theological Studies
[Baldwin] has made the five voices speak to us in a language that is at one and the same time familiar and alien in its resonance and accents. This is a truly exceptional book, interdisciplinary in the real sense of the word, which is surely destined to become a landmark in medieval studies.Keith Busby, Bryn Mawr Reviews
[Baldwins] attempt to listen to these distant voices and translate their language of sex into our own raises challenging methodological questions that will be of great interest to historians and literary scholars alike.John P. Dalton, Comitatus
John Baldwin introduces five representative voices from the turn of the twelfth century in northern France: Pierre the Chanter speaks for the theological doctrine of Augustine; the Prose Salernitan Questions, for the medical theories of Galen; Andre the Chaplain, for the Ovidian literature of the schools; Jean Renart, for the contemporary romances; and Jean Bodel, for the emerging voices of the fabliaux. Baldwin juxtaposes their views on a range of essential subjects, including social position, the sexual body, desire and act, and procreation. The result is a fascinating dialogue of how they agreed or disagreed with, ignored, imitated, or responded to each other at a critical moment in the development of European ideas about sexual desire, fulfillment, morality, and gender.
These spokesmen allow us into the discussion of sexuality inside the church and schools of the clergy, in high and popular culture of the leity. This heterogeneous discussion also offers a startling glimpse into the construction of gender specific to this moment, when men and women enjoyed equal status in sexual matters, if nowhere else.
Taken together, these voices extend their reach, encompass their subject, and point to a center where social reality lies. By articulating reality at its varied depths, this study takes its place alongside groundbreaking works by James Brundage, John Boswell, and Leah Otis in extending our understanding of sexuality and sexual behavior in the Middle Ages.
Superb work. . . . These five kinds of discourse are not often treated together in scholarly writing, let alone compared and contrasted so well.Edward Collins Vacek, Theological Studies
[Baldwin] has made the five voices speak to us in a language that is at one and the same time familiar and alien in its resonance and accents. This is a truly exceptional book, interdisciplinary in the real sense of the word, which is surely destined to become a landmark in medieval studies.Keith Busby, Bryn Mawr Reviews
[Baldwins] attempt to listen to these distant voices and translate their language of sex into our own raises challenging methodological questions that will be of great interest to historians and literary scholars alike.John P. Dalton, Comitatus
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John A. Wagner
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John W. Baldwin is the Charles Homer Haskins Professor of History at The Johns Hopkins University. Among his books are Masters, Princes, and Merchants: The Social Views of Peter the Chanter and His Circle and The Government of Philip Augustus: Foundations of French Royal Power in the Middle Ages.
The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637
The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London
1994 by The University of Chicago
All rights reserved. Published 1994
Printed in the United States of America
03 02 01 00 99 98 97 96 95 94 1 2 3 4 5
ISBN-10: 0-226-03613-8 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-03613-7 (cloth)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-03614-4 (paper)
ISBN-13: 978-0-226-03623-6 (e-book)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Baldwin, John W.
The language of sex : five voices from Northern France around 1200 / John W. Baldwin.
p. cm. (The Chicago series on sexuality, history, and society)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Sex customsFrance, NorthernHistory13th centurySources. 2. Sex customsFrance, NorthernHistory13th century. 3. Sex in literature. 4. FranceSocial life and customsTo 1328. I. Title. II. Series.
HQ18.F8B28 1994
306.7'0944'09022dc20
93-6040
CIP
CIP
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.48-1984.The Language of Sex
FIVE VOICES FROM NORTHERN FRANCE AROUND 1200
John W. Baldwin
The University of Chicago Press
Chicago and London
Chicago and London
The Chicago Series on Sexuality, History, and Society
Edited by John C. Fout
For Christopher
PREFATORY WORDS...
To Readers
Individual readers who pick up a book about human sexuality situated at a particular historical moment may bring to it different expectations. Those who are primarily interested in the subject matter might begin the present work at pertinent. Those who recognize, as many do today, the import of the methodological and theoretical implications of such an investigation may find the second half of the Introduction of interest as well as the Conclusion.
Readers who demand demonstration and wish to consult the texts for themselves will, of course, refer to the Notes, for which the following instructions will be of assistance. The primary texts used frequently in this study are listed by author and short title among the Texts in the list of Short Titles. Each entry includes the edition employed in the original language and a modern translation where it is available. In order to avoid duplication and reduce the quantity of Notes, all citations of primary texts are to the editions in the original language. Wherever possible the citation gives the internal division to book, chapter, section, verse, etc., to enable reference to both the edition and the translation. For example: Augustine, De civitate dei XIV, 17, 18; Jean Renart, Roman, vv.1415. In most cases both the original text and the translation can be located through these citations. Where confusion may result, further reference is given to the edition.
As will immediately become apparent to the most casual reader, this book consists largely of paraphrases and translations of a wide assortment of medieval texts in Latin and the vernacular French, many of which have already been translated into modern languages. I bear full responsibility for the accuracy of all renditions in the book, but I should acknowledge my debt to the extant translations cited in the list of Short Titles.
To Colleagues
This study of sexuality in northern France at the turn of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries attempts to bring together five distinct discursive genres, each of which has generated a long tradition, a discrete scholarly discipline, and a massive bibliography. Among the five I can only bring prior experience to the theologians from my study of Pierre the Chanter of twenty years ago. In the present work I have been able to add to the publication of the vast store of his, as yet, unedited texts in Latin. Because of the scope of the enterprise, however, I have gratefully welcomed help wherever it was available in the other four genres as well as among the theologians. I have, therefore, availed myself of the now standard works of James A. Brundage on canon law, of John T. Noonan, Jr., on contraception, of Michael Mller and Hans Zeimentz on the theologians, of Danielle Jacquart and Claude Thomasset on the physicians, and Per Nykrog on the fabliaux. (Theirs and other works important for this study can be found in the Studies of the list of Short Titles.)
Beyond the published literature, I have taken the liberty to call upon colleagues directly. To compensate for my deficiencies in medicine I have been fortunate in having close neighbors in the Welch Medical Library and the Institute of the History of Medicine at Johns Hopkins. From the latter, Jerome J. Bylebyl and Owsei Temkin read the medical sections and offered helpful suggestions. Monica Green, then at the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton and now at Duke University, also read the medical sections and generously allowed me access to her text of Cum auctor from the corpus of Trotula of Salerno which she is editing. Margaret Switten of Mount Holyoke College read my sections on romance and offered counsel on Jean Renarts lyrics. Werner Harnacher of the Johns Hopkins University advised me on the texts of Gottfried von Strassburg. David F. Hult of the University of Virginia not only shared his expertise in Old French by helping with difficult passages, but he has also been willing to discuss with me at length all problems theoretical and practical, great and small. As before, I have counted heavily on his faithful friendship throughout the project. The History Seminar at Johns Hopkins fulfilled its habitual and essential role by considering a paper on sexual desire which became the nucleus of generosity Robert W. Hanning of Columbia University shared the helpful comments he prepared for the Press on the entire typescript. Patricia Stirnemann of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique in Paris procured a photograph of the manuscript used for the cover. I wish to express my deep gratitude for all of this direct and personal help.
This book originated as a chapter in a projected study on the chivalric ethos in northern France around 1200 but then took on a life of its own. I wish to acknowledge gratefully a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Humanities and a sabbatical leave from Johns Hopkins which funded the initial stage of this enterprise.
When the last of our children left by the front door, my wife Jenny Joehens closed the door to her study and plunged into a truly monumental project on the image and reality of women in the medieval Old Norse tradition. As her work progressed, she permitted me to read articles and chapters which convinced me of the importance and feasibility of investigating sexuality and gender from medieval sources. Her project, begun earlier and now completed, is certainly of greater scope, ambition, and significance than mine. To her I owe the underlying impulse for the present study as well as supportive reading throughout.
One of the pleasures of parenthood is to welcome the return of children as colleagues and potential readers. Despite Peters escape to twentieth-century Europe I am hopeful that this aspect of the remote Middle Ages might elicit his historical interest. Ian, our sociobiologist, accepted to read the sections on the medieval perceptions of anatomy and physiology but, I suspect, he put them down with bemused bewilderment. Had Birgit, our literary scholar from Yale, been able to peruse my reading of the romances and fabliaux, I imagine that she would have blushed at my hermeneutic shortcomings. It remains our perduring pain that she is no longer among our readers. Christopher, however, who eschewed the contemplative life of academia for the activity of electronics, remains our autonomous child. To this authentic layman from a family of clerics, I offer a book on one of the defining and delightful functions of the laity in any age.
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