Scott Cane - First Footprints: The Epic Story of the First Australians
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The epic story of Australias Aboriginal people, as told through astonishing archaeological discoveries, ancient oral histories, and the largest and oldest art galleries on earth
Some 60,000 years ago, a small group of people landed on Australias northern coast. They were the first oceanic mariners, and this great southern land was their new home. Gigantic mammals roamed the plains and enormous crocodiles, giant snakes, and goannas nestled in the estuaries and savannahs. This is the epic story of Australias Aboriginal people. It is a story of ancient life on the driest continent on earth through the greatest environmental changes experienced in human history: ice ages, extreme drought, and inundating seas. Australias first inhabitants were the first people to believe in an afterlife, cremate their dead, engrave representations of the human face, and depict human sound and emotion. They created new technologies, designed ornamentation, engaged in trade, and crafted the earliest documents of war. Ultimately, they developed a sustainable society based on shared religious tradition and far-reaching social networks across the length and breadth of the continent.
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First
Footprints
Signatory image of the Australian nomad: dreadlocks tied back with twine woven from human hair.
This magnificent vision conveys a subliminal truth: human frailty in command of the most marginal permanently inhabited environment on earth (Mann Range, far northwest of South Australia).
First
Footprints
Scott Cane
The epic story of the
First Australians
First published in 2013
Copyright Scott Cane 2013
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act.
Allen & Unwin
83 Alexander Street
Crows Nest NSW 2065
Australia
Phone: (61 2) 8425 0100
Email: info@allenandunwin.com
Web: www.allenandunwin.com
Cataloguing-in-Publication details are available
from the National Library of Australia
www.trove.nla.gov.au
ISBN 978 1 74331 493 7
eISBN 978 1 74343 572 4
Internal design by Nada Backovic
Maps by Janet Hunt
Illustrations by Alissa Dinallo
Set in 12.2/15.2 pt Bell MT by Post Pre-press Group, Australia
CONTENTS
1 Near Extinction
74,00060,000 years ago
2 Super-Nomads
60,00030,000 years ago
3 The Great Drought
30,00018,000 years ago
4 The Great Flood
From 18,000 years ago
First Footprints is based on the four-part documentary series of the same name. It was written, produced and directed by Bentley Dean and Martin Butler, and first screened on ABC TV in 2013. The book includes many stills from the documentary series.
| YEARS AGO | EVENT | SETTING |
| 74,000 | Near extinction | Mt Toba explodes in central Sumatra. |
| First ocean crossing | The first people to settle Australia arrive by boat. They make the first oceanic water crossing in world history. | |
| Increased burning | There is a dramatic increase in charcoal at locations throughout Australia between 73,000 and 60,000 years ago. The increase in firing may have been naturalbut it may also be explained by the arrival of people in Australia and their settlement of the country with firesticks in their hands. | |
| 60,000 | Super-nomads | |
| Settlement of northern Australia | Settlement of northern Australia | |
| 51,000 | Settlement of southeastern Australia | Artefacts in the ancient Willandra Lakes system date between 45,000 and 52,000 years ago. |
| 50,000 | People penetrate the Australian desert | One stone artefact is found at Paraku (Lake Gregory) on the northern margin of the Great Sandy Desert. |
| 47,000 | Occupation of the far corners of Australia | People were living at Devils Lair in southwestern Australia. |
| 46,000 | Hafted axes | Axes found on an ancient terrace on the Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea, are dated to around 46,000 years but may be as old as 61,000 years. Some axes contain traces of starch and are associated with charred nuts that may be 49,000 years old. |
| 45,000 | People occupy the arid heartlands Megafauna die out | Artefacts and ochre at Puritjarra, in the Cleland Hills, central Australia. The last of Australias megafauna become extinct, due to hunting, burning and the effects of climate change. |
| 44,000 | Occupation of glacial Tasmania | People occupied caves and hunted wallabies at Parmerpar Meethaner and many other caves across southwestern Tasmania in sub-Antarctic conditions. |
| 42,000 | Human burial Human cremation | The complete skeleton of a man is found in the Willandra Lakes. The nature of his burial suggests an early belief in the afterlife. The burial is perhaps the first of its kind on earth. The cremated remains of a small woman were found in the Willandra Lakesthe worlds first known cremation. |
| 40,000 | Art | Ochre is found coating a slab of limestone at Carpenters Gap, in the Kimberleythe oldest evidence of art in the world. |
| 36,000 | Pre-agricultural activity | New technology, environmental management and food procurement in the New Guinea Highlands suggests preagricultural activity at least 15,000 years before anywhere else on earth. |
| 35,000 | Ground-edged axes | Fragments of a ground-edged axe are located at Nawarla Gabarnmang, western Arnhem Land. |
| 33,000 | Seed grinding | There is variable evidence for the processing and consumption of grass and succulent seeds 10,000 years before anywhere else on earth in the Willandra Lakes and the Kimberley. |
| 32,000 | Shell beads | Shell beads have been found at Carpenters Gap and Riwi in the Kimberley, as well as Mandu Mandu rock shelter on North West Cape. These beads are among the oldest evidence for jewellery in the world and date between 30,000 and 32,000 years ago. |
| 30,000 | The great drought | |
| Glacial drought begins | Australia entered a major ice age 30,000 years ago. The sea levels dropped, temperatures cooled and much of the country was subjected to an extreme drought that lasted 10,000 years. | |
| 28,000 | Drawing | A charcoal drawing is found on a fragment of rock at Nawarla Gabarnmang. |
| 27,000 | Art | Some of the oldest art in the world has been found in southeastern Cape York. |
| 25,000 | Facial representations | The first depictions of the human face appear throughout arid Australia. The faces are part of a widespread artistic tradition known as the Panaramitee, thought to be between 10,000 and 25,000 years old. |
| 22,000 | Unique footprints | Over 560 footprints representing the tracks of 23 people were left as they hunted and walked in the Willandra Lakes. |
| 21,000 | Occupation of the emerging coasts | As the sea began to fall, people occupied the emerging continental shelf. They were living, for example, on the plains now beneath Bass Strait 22,000 years ago and out on the North West Shelf over 30,000 years ago. |
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