Aaron J. Shenhar - Reinventing project management: the diamond approach to successful growth and innovation

REINVENTING

PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

REINVENTING

PROJECT
MANAGEMENT

The
DIAMOND APPROACH
TO SUCCESSFUL GROWTH
AND INNOVATION

Aaron J. Shenhar Dov Dvir

Harvard Business School Press
Boston, Massachusetts

Copyright 2007 Aaron J. Shenhar and Dov Dvir
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
11 10 09 08 07 5 4 3 2 1

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in, or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior permission of the publisher. Requests for permission should be directed to permissions@hbsp.harvard.edu or mailed to Permissions, Harvard Business School Publishing, 60 Harvard Way, Boston, Massachusetts 02163.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Shenhar, Aaron

Reinventing Project Management: The Diamond Approach to Successful Growth and Innovation: the diamond approach to successful growth and innovation / Aaron J. Shenhar and Dov Dvir.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN-13: 978-1-59139-800-4 (hardcover: alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-59139-800-2

1. Project management. I. Dvir, Dov. II. Title.

HD69.P75S52 2007

658.4'092dc22

2007009137

The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives Z39.48-1992.

To our children
Ayelet, Galit, and Ben
and
Ori, Hilla, and Omer

There are never too many people to thank, particularly for a work that extended beyond a decade and a half, with its seeds planted even earlier. My early inspiration came from Zeev Bonen, Rafaels CEO, who has always promoted the idea that projects differ and who developed a four-type categorization of projects, which later inspired this research. I will ever be grateful to him and to some exceptional managers such as Yorm Valfish, Reuven Regev, Aharale Shapira, and Giora Shalgi, who taught me the art of project management and demonstrated what excellence really means.

As a practitioner turned academician, I was lost at first, and I needed guidance in uncharted territory. My new colleagues at Tel-Aviv University, Dov Eden, Shimcha Ronen, Asya Pazy, Zeev Neumann, Niv Ahituv, Yair Aharoni, Zvi Adar, Shlomo Globerson, Boaz Ronen, Israel Shpigler, Gadi Ariav, Igal Ayal, Yechiel Zif, Shoshi Anily, Yehuda Kahane, Yair Tauman, Avraham Beza, Elie Segev, and Dalia Etzion, helped to keep my thinking straight and my standards high within a unique culture of strong scholarship. Their support and energy never failed; I will forever cherish what they taught me.

A great deal of the research that Dov and I did for this book was performed in collaboration with others. The friendship and interaction with these outstanding colleagues made this endeavor particularly rewarding. They are Asher Tishler, Avi Grossfeld-Nir, Tzvi Raz, Hans Thamhain, Dragan Milosevic, Andy Sage, Stanislav Lipovetsky, Paul Adler, Yechiel Shulman, Joca Stefanovic, Rias van Wyk, Ofer Levy, Alan Maltz, Michael Poli, Richard Reilly, Brian Sauser, Jerry Mulenberg, Zvi Ahronson, Peerasit Patanakul, Thomas Lechler, William Guth, Gus Gaynor, Alex Laufer, Shlomo Alkaher, Arik Sadeh, Amnon Shefi, Daniel Kuhn, Michael Cooper, Larry French, Gary Lynn, Lynn Crawford, Max Wideman, Scott Fricke, Sabin Srivannaboon, Moshe Ayal, Tim Phelan, Nancy Tighe, Ayala Malach-Pines, Arie Ben-David, and Michael Ryan.

Other colleagues and scholars were no less supportive. Often reading drafts of the work or engaging in discussions about it, they offered advice and encouragement that put me back on track more than once. Such people as Clayton Christensen, Jim Collins, David Cleland, Ed Roberts, Ralph Katz, Karlos Arrto, Alan Pearson, Rodney Turner, Jeff Butler, Dundar Kocaolgu, Peter Morris, Rajan Anand, Pritesh Shah, Bob Mason, Ari Plonski, Dick Cardozo, George Farris, Harold Linstone, Isak Kruglianskas, Janice Thomas, Louis Lefebvre, Mel Silverman, Miriam Erez, Yehouda Shenhav, Josh Weston, Elie Geisler, Roberto Sbragia, Jacob Levy, and Roland Gareis were an inseparable part of this journey. I was often inspired by the works of great scholars, including Kathleen Eisenhardt, Michael Tushman, Robert Burgleman, Rebecca Henderson, Christoph Loch, Kim Klark, Steve Wheelwright, Richard Rosenbloom, Dorothy Leonard, James Utterback, Tom Allen, Gary Pisano, Marco Iansiti, Harold Kerzner, Gideon Kunda, Jeff Pinto, Terry Williams, Tim Kloppenborg, Alan McCormack, Stephen Thomke, Eric von Hippel, Geoffrey Moore, and Andy van de Ven.

Administrators and colleagues at Stevens Institute of Technology provided a highly supportive environment. This group includes Harold Raveche, James Tietjen, Jerry Hultin, Arthur Shapiro, Lex McCuster, George Korfiatis, Edward Friedman, Erich Kunhardt, Peter Koen, Murrae Bowden, Audrey Curtis, Ted Stohr, Ann Mooney, Hosen Fallah, Steve Savitz, Donald Merino, Tim Koeller, Bernard Gallois, Bernard Skwon, Dinesh Verma, Bob Ubell, Charles Suffel, Christos Christodoulatos, Dinesh Verma, Elliot Fishman, Frank Fernandez, Helena Wisniewski, Jerry Luftman, Joe Moeller, Jeff Nickerson, Larry Gastwirt, Patrick Berzinski, Lem Tarshis, Lu Terminello, Pete Dominick, Peter Jurkat, Mary Gaspar, Melissa Vinch, and Susan Pavelchack.

We are extremely indebted to many executives and employees in industry and government who supported this work in so many ways within their organizations. To each of the following people, we express our hope that this work may reward their efforts in some way: Sefi Katzenelson and Iris Elia-Shaul at Mafat, the Israeli Minsitry of Defense; Ed Hoffman, Lewis Peach, David Holdridge, Tony Maturo, Jon Boyle, Jerry Mulenburg, and Bruce Sauser at NASA; Harry Stefanou, Ed Andrews, Eva Godlman, Shellie Gaddy, Mary Devon, and Ed Miller at PMI; Karen Sorenson, Tony Rodriguez, Pamela Au, and Mike Bakaletz at Johnson & Johnson; Carole Hedden, Greg Hamilton, and Tony Velocci at Aviation Week; David Gutman, Joe Incremona, Barry Dayton, Ron Kubinski, and Mark Hynnek at 3M; Dennis Dorman and Paul Glamn at Trane; Jim Schneidmuller at AT&T; Mike Devine, Joe Lehman, and Vic Lindner at U.S. Army ARDEC; Paul Malinowski and Brendan McDonald at Becton Dickenson; Cheryl Badger and Mike Salvatore at Dow Jones & Co.; Tom Rabaut at United Defense; Joe Hennessey and Don Senich at NSF; Roy Nicolosi at ISO; and Miles Braffett at BMG.

But the finest gratitude goes to the many students whose endless intelligence and inquisitive minds kept reminding me how much I dont know. They were the real drivers of this research by offering invaluable ideas and helping produce some of its case studies. This group includes Atish Babu, Donald Olson, Tim Phelan, William Sverapa, Doris Schultz, Michael Peled, Shlomo Klein, Zadok Hougui, Arie Lagerwaard, Paula Richards, Brian Cohn, Brian Nofzinger, David Walden, Kevin Lay, Zvi Yami, Derek Jensen, Givi Peradze, Balazs Vandor, Nancy Conrad, Maureen Lanucci, Arnold Lo, Stefan Merino, David Morgan, Seham Salazar, Daniel Marionni, Marc Martinez, Steve Szalanczi, Randall Vendetti, Xiang Yu, Anthony Mueller, Jody Berk, Kevin Pettersen, Mani Guruswamy, Mohesh Punjabi, Chris Switzer, Paul Tupaczewski, Nilesh Shringarpure, John Tracy, Ned Rogers, David Walter, Matthew Gilvey, Durga Bhogal, Fernando de la Vega, Deborah Ehrlich, Stan Jadwinski, Chris Long, Raj Sundar, Brian Coughlin, Mark Eppedio, Sumen Gupta, Joyce Jordan, Darren Birmingham, Alan Bader, Biren Desai, Jinsoo Kim, William Judge, Milton Maisonet, Darryl Clark, Michele Macleod, Wesley Patterson, Shashi Sinha, Anand Chouthai, Shawn Hopkins, Kalyan Narayanan, Nick Stampone, Eda Kilic, Jorymel Shada Jaquinet, and Todd Dennison.