Allan B. Cobb - Super Science Projects About Sound (Psyched for Science)
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Super Science Projects About Sound (Psyched for Science)
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Introduces the fundamentals of sound through hands-on experiments and activities.
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To my mom and dad for always encouraging my love of science and nature.
Published in 2000 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010
Copyright 2000 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
First Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cobb, Allan B. Super science projects about sound / Allan B. Cobb. p. cm. (Psyched for science) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Introduces the fundamentals of sound through hands-on experiments and activities. ISBN 0-8239-3176-5 1. SoundExperimentsJuvenile literature. 2. Science projects Juvenile literature. [1. SoundExperiments. 2. Experiments. 3. Science projects.] I. Title. II. Series. QC225.5.C6 1999 534'.078 21dc21 99-04327 CIP AC
Manufactured in the United States of America
Page 3
Contents
Introduction
The World of Sound
4
Experiment #1:
Making Music with Stretched Strings
6
Experiment #2:
Sound Cannon
12
Experiment #3:
Seeing Sound
18
Experiment #4:
Speed of Sound
24
Experiment #5:
Sound in Solids
30
Experiment #6
Sound in a Jar
36
Glossary
43
Resources
44
For Further Reading
46
Index
47
Metric Conversion Table
48
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Introduction The World of Sound
Sounds are all around us. Radios, televisions, cars, planes, people, and pets all make sounds. Even the peace and quiet of the wilderness has sounds wind rustling leaves, birds singing, and insects buzzing. Some sounds are very loud, and others are very quiet. Certain sounds, like music, can be pleasant, whereas other ones, such as a jet airplane flying overhead, are unpleasant. In this book, you will explore the world of sound.
Sound travels in waves, and sound waves have energy. You can see this energy in the vibrating strings of a guitar. The amount that the string vibrates affects the tone of the sound that is produced. Your ears carry sound waves to your brain, which interprets the waves as the sounds you hear. If you have ever thrown a rock into a pond, you heard the splash and then saw ripples move out in circles from where the rock hit the water. Sound waves are much like the ripples. They move out in
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all directions from the source of the sound. Sound waves continue moving outward unless somethingfor example, your earblocks them. For you to hear a sound, your ear must convert the energy in the sound waves into a vibration that your brain interprets as sound.
In order for sound to exist, there must be some materiala mediumfor the sound waves to travel through. The sound we hear travels in waves through the air. It can also move through solid and liquid substances. Sound waves do not always travel at the same speed. The speed at which they travel depends on the medium that they are moving through, as well as other things. Temperature, humidity, and air pressure can all affect the speed of sound in air. One of the experiments in this book lets you actually measure the speed of sound. Then you will test how sound travels through different materials.
The experiments in this book provide detailed instructions on how to get started. Beyond that, they depend on your observations. Each activity has its own instructions and any safety warnings. Follow these carefully as you explore the world of sound.
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1 Making Music with Stretched Strings
A stringed instrument such as a guitar produces sound when someone plucks or strums its strings. The vibration of the string creates a sound wave. If you have ever watched someone play the guitar, you may have noticed that the guitarist places his or her fingers on the strings to produce a single note or a chord, which is a group of notes played together. When these tones and chords are combined in an ordered fashion, the result is a series of sounds that our ears hear as music.
Each vibrating string of a guitar has a certain pitch. The pitch is the quality and position of a tone in relation to other tones. Pitch depends on the tone's frequencythe number of vibrations per second. As the pitch of a sound
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