Allan B. Cobb - Super science projects about light and optics
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To my mom and dad for always encouraging my love of science and nature.
Published in 2000 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. 29 East 21st Street, New York, NY 10010
Copyright 2000 by The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc.
First Edition
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Cobb, Allan B. Super science projects about light and optics / Allan B. Cobb. p. cm. (Psyched for science) Includes bibliographical references and index. Summary: Introduces basic principles of light and optics through hands-on activities and experiments. ISBN 0-8239-3177-3 1. OpticsExperimentsJuvenile literature. 2. LightExperimentsJuvenile literature. 3. Science projectsJuvenile literature. [1. OpticsExperiments. 2. LightExperiments. 3. Experiments. 4. Science projects.] I. Title. II. Series.
RC365.C63 1999 535'.078dc21 99-051305
Manufactured in the United States of America
Page 3
Contents
Introduction
Light and Optics
4
Experiment #1
How Light Travels
6
Experiment #2
Refraction
13
Experiment #3
The Colors of Light
18
Experiment #4
Properties of Light
25
Experiment #5
Images and Lenses
31
Experiment #6
Seeing Faraway Things
37
Glossary
44
Resources
45
For Further Reading
46
Index
47
Metric Conversion Table
48
Page 4
Introduction Light and Optics
Light is everywhere. You turn on lights in your home, there are lights at stores and at school, and at night cars turn their lights on. The sun is also a source of light. Even though it is 93 million miles away (1 50 million km), we see its light and feel the energy from its rays. The stars that we see at night emit light also. Their light has been traveling for hundreds, thousands, or even more years to reach Earth. Light travels through the vacuum of space at 186,282 miles per second (299,792 km/sec).
What we see as light is only a small part of what's called the electromagnetic spectrum. The electromagnetic spectrum is made up of gamma rays, X rays, radio waves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet rays, and microwaves, which are short electromagnetic waves. What we see as light is actually made up of different colorsthe colors of the rainbow.
Page 5
Because light travels in waves, it has certain properties. A beam of light travels in a straight line unless something affects its path. These properties of light make it possible to see our reflection in a mirror and to make telescopes that magnify distant objects.
In this book you will explore some of the properties of light. You will have an opportunity to investigate how light travels in a straight line, how it bounces off surfaces, how light bends and slows down as it passes through materials, how it can be separated into different colors, and how the intensity of light changes with distance. After exploring the properties of light, you will apply some of the concepts that you have learned. You will also study lenses: how they form an image of an object at some distance and how it changes with image distance. Then you will explore how a series of two lenses are combined to form a telescope that magnifies distant objects.
The experiments in this book provide detailed instructions for getting started. Beyond that, they depend on your observations. Each activity has its own instructions and safety warnings. After completing these activities, you will have a better idea of what light is and how light waves travel through different materials.
Page 6
1 How Light Travels
Light comes from many different sourcesthe sun, stars, lightbulbs, and flames. Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation (energy that is transmitted through free space or through a material). Light and other electromagnetic radiation travel in waves. These waves are much like waves in the ocean.
Electromagnetic waves can be measured by their wavelength. Wavelength is the distance between identical points in two waves that come one after the other. The light we see is actually only a narrow range of wavelengths within the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
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