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Scheck Florian - Classical Field Theory: On Electrodynamics, Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation

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Scheck Florian Classical Field Theory: On Electrodynamics, Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation
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Schecks successful textbook presents a comprehensive treatment, ideally suited for a one-semester course. The textbook describes Maxwells equations first in their integral, directly testable form, then moves on to their local formulation. The first two chapters cover all essential properties of Maxwells equations, including their symmetries and their covariance in a modern notation. Chapter 3 is devoted to Maxwells theory as a classical field theory and to solutions of the wave equation. Chapter 4 deals with important applications of Maxwells theory. It includes topical subjects such as metamaterials with negative refraction index and solutions of Helmholtz equation in paraxial approximation relevant for the description of laser beams.Chapter 5 describes non-Abelian gauge theories from a classical, geometric point of view, in analogy to Maxwells theory as a prototype, and culminates in an application to the U(2) theory relevant for electroweak interactions. The last chapter 6 gives a concise summary of semi-Riemannian geometry as the framework for the classical field theory of gravitation. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Schwarzschild solution of Einsteins equations and the classical tests of general relativity.

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Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2018
Florian Scheck Classical Field Theory Graduate Texts in Physics
1. Maxwells Equations
Florian Scheck 1
(1)
Mainz, Germany
Florian Scheck
Email:
1.1 Introduction
The empirical basis of electrodynamics is defined by Faradays law of induction, by Gauss law, by the law of Biot and Savart, as well as by the Lorentz force and the principle of universal conservation of electric charge. These are the laws that can be tested confirmed or falsified in realistic experiments. The integral form of the laws deals with physical objects which are one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional, that is to say, objects such as linear wires, conducting loops, spatial charge distributions, etc. Thus, the integral form depends, to some extent, on the concrete experimental set-up. In order to unravel the relationships between seemingly rather different phenomena one must go over from the integral form of the empirically tested laws to a set of local equations which are compatible with the former. This reduction to local phenomena frees the laws from any specific laboratory arrangement, and yields what we call Maxwells equations proper. These local equations describe an extremely wide range of electromagnetic phenomena.
The mathematical tools needed for this transition from integral to local equations are taken, initially, only from vector analysis over Euclidean space Picture 1 and from the well-known differential calculus on this space. However, since electromagnetic fields, in general, also depend on time, and hence are defined on space-time Picture 2 , this calculus must be generalized to more than three dimensions. The necessary generalization becomes particularly transparent and simple if one makes use of exterior calculus.
This chapter develops the phenomenology of Maxwells equations, first by means of the full, space and time dependent equations. Then, in a second step, by reduction to stationary or static situations. The formulation of Maxwells equations requires some knowledge of elementary vector analysis as well as some theorems on integrals over paths, surfaces, and volumes. Therefore, we start by reminding the reader of these matters for the case of Picture 3 , before embarking on more general situations, and illustrate matters by a few examples that will be useful for the sequel.
1.2 Gradient, Curl, and Divergence
Electrodynamics and a great deal of general classical field theories are defined on flat spaces Picture 4 of dimension n . In cases of static or stationary processes the adequate framework is provided by the ordinary space Picture 5 , in all other cases by four-dimensional spacetime with one time and three space components, Picture 6 or, more precisely, Picture 7 . These spaces are special cases of smooth manifolds. They are endowed with various geometric objects and with a natural differential calculus which allows to set up relations between the former and thus to formulate physical equations of motion. For example, if is a smooth function on one defines a gradient field by 11 the - photo 8 is a smooth function on one defines a gradient field by 11 the superscript T standing for - photo 9 one defines a gradient field by
11 the superscript T standing for transposed In the case of is the - photo 10
(1.1)
(the superscript T standing for transposed). In the case of is the familiar differential operator often called the nabla operator - photo 11is the familiar differential operator often called the nabla operator - photo 12 is the familiar differential operator
often called the nabla operator Example 11 A small probe of mass m is - photo 13
often called the nabla operator.
Example 1.1
A small probe of mass m is placed in the gravitational field of two equal, pointlike masses M whose positions are The potential created by these masses at the position of the probe is - photo 14 , The potential created by these masses at the position of the probe is - photo 15 . The potential created by these masses at the position of the probe is
Without restriction of generality one can choose a system of reference such - photo 16
Without restriction of generality one can choose a system of reference such that The force field that follows from this potential is This is a conservative - photo 17 . The force field that follows from this potential is
Classical Field Theory On Electrodynamics Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation - image 18
This is a conservative force field. It is instructive to sketch this field for the choice Classical Field Theory On Electrodynamics Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation - image 19 , Classical Field Theory On Electrodynamics Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation - image 20 .
If Classical Field Theory On Electrodynamics Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation - image 21 , Classical Field Theory On Electrodynamics Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation - image 22 , is a basis, Classical Field Theory On Electrodynamics Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation - image 23 a vector field, its divergence is defined by
12 This is a well-known construction in In particular if is a gradient - photo 24
(1.2)
This is a well-known construction in Classical Field Theory On Electrodynamics Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation - image 25 . In particular, if Classical Field Theory On Electrodynamics Non-Abelian Gauge Theories and Gravitation - image 26
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