Hazem Juratli - Laser and IPL Technology in Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine

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Part 1
Basics

Christian Raulin and Syrus Karsai (eds.) Laser and IPL Technology in Dermatology and Aesthetic Medicine 10.1007/978-3-642-03438-1_1 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011

1. Basic Laser Physics

Rudolf Steiner 1

(1)

Institut fr Lasertechnologien in der Medizin und Metechnik an der Universitt Ulm, Helmholtzstrae 12, 89081 Ulm, Germany

Rudolf Steiner

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Abstract

Following the history of lasers and, in parallel, the applications in medicine demonstrates the continuous improvement of insight into laser reactions and development of devices. Understanding the characteristics of photons and light is the basis for all applications in medical diagnosis and therapy. Knowledge about the physical principle of lasers will convince you that there is no mystery behind lasers. Lasers can be designed in different ways and thus be optimised to the intended use. Laser radiation, depending on the wavelength and the mode of operation, is a powerful tool to treat patients, but it also can be dangerous if safety instructions are ignored. An overview about the different types of medical lasers actually on the market facilitates the right choice of a laser system for the specific application.

1.1 Core Messages

• Following the history of lasers and, at the same time, their medical applications demonstrates the continuous improvement of insight into laser reactions and the development of devices.
• Understanding the characteristics of photons and light is the basis for all applications in medical diagnosis and therapy.
• Knowledge about the physical principle of lasers will remove any mystery from laser technology.
• Lasers can be designed in different ways and thus be optimised to the intended use.
• Laser radiation, depending on the wavelength and the mode of operation, is a powerful tool to treat patients, but it also can be dangerous if safety instructions are ignored.
• An overview about the different types of medical lasers on the market facilitates the right choice of a laser system for the specific application.

1.2 History

To invent the LASER (acronym for L ight A mplification by S timulated E mission of R adiation, coined by Gordon Gould) some understanding of Einsteins ideas about stimulated emission of radiation [).

The precursor to the laser was the MASER (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The impetus for the development of the maser was increasing interest in microwave radiation following the utility of it in radar technology. The first maser [).

After masers became a reality, scientists looked at the possibility of stimulated emission in other regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Arthur Schawlow, together with Townes, at Bell Telephone Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey, began investigating the possibility of optical and infrared (IR) masers. They published in 1958 the first detailed proposal for building an optical maser (later to be renamed a laser) in Physical Review [.

Table 1.1

Milestones in the history of lasers

1917	Einstein publishes his paper about stimulated emission
1951	Development of the maser by C.H. Townes
1958	C.H. Townes and A.L. Schawlow propose that the maser concept could be extended to optical frequencies
1960	T.H. Maiman at Hughes Labs and his assistant Charles Asawa report on May 16 the first functioning laser: a pulsed ruby laser
1961	First medical laser applications in ophthalmology by Charles J. Campbell
1961	The first continuous wave laser is reported by A. Javan: the helium neon laser
1962	First diode laser is reported by M.I. Nathan et al.
1963	First medical laser applications in dermatology by L. Goldman
1964	Nicolay Basov, Charles Townes, and A.M. Prokhorov get the Nobel prize for their fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser and laser principles
1964	The Argon Laser is developed at Hughes Labs. The continuous wave 488/514 nm argon ion laser is well suited to retinal surgery
Kumar Patel invents the CO2 (carbon dioxide) 10,064-nm (far-infrared) gas ion laser at Bell Labs
The Nd:YAG (neodymium doped, yttrium aluminium garnett) 1,064-nm laser also is developed at Bell Labs
1969	The dye laser is introduced at IBM Labs by P. Sorokin and J. Lankard. The pulsed dye laser is the first laser to produce selective light-induced injury
1970	The first excimer laser [based on Xenon (Xe) only] is invented by N. Basovs group at Lebedev Labs, Moscow
1977	J. Madeys group at Stanford University develops the first free electron laser
1980	L. Goldman establishes The American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery , Inc , the worlds largest professional organization dedicated to promoting excellence in patient care by advancing laser applications and related technologies
1981	A. Schawlow and N. Bloembergen receive the Nobel prize for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy and nonlinear optics
1984	D. Matthews group at Lawrence Livermore Labs demonstrates a laboratory x-ray laser
2005	J. Hall and T. Hnsch receive the Nobel prize for contributing to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique

Fig. 1.1

Albert Einstein ( left ) and T.H. Maiman ( right )

Fig. 1.2

Nobel laureates connected with lasers [Alexander M. Prokhorow, Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay G. Basov (1964), Arthur L. Schawlow (1981), and Theodor W. Hnsch (2005)]

1.3 Characteristics of Light

Light is electromagnetic radiation in the visible wavelength region from 400 to 700 nm or extended from 380 to 750 nm. Laser radiation, however, is between 100 nm and 1 mm. The speed of light in a vacuum is c (ms1), where

Speed of light, the frequency of the electromagnetic wave, and the wavelength in a vacuum obey the relation

The electromagnetic radiation is characterised by Maxwells equations of an alternating electric field, with field strength E (V/cm) and magnetic field H (Fig. ). The transported power is described by the Poynting vector S (W/m) representing the energy flux density

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