Anne K. Ellis - Anaphylaxis: A Practical Guide

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Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening severe systemic allergic reaction. It is caused by the rapid release of mast cell mediators into systemic circulation. It is most commonly triggered by foods, insect stings, medications, and latex. It is typically a clinical diagnosis with an acute onset. Anaphylaxis was initially described in medical literature in 1902 during a study which involved immunizing canines with jellyfish toxin. These injections resulted in a systemic allergic reaction in certain animals, rather than protection from their vaccine. This resulted in the term anaphylaxis, which is derived from the Greek words ana (against) and phylaxis (protection) []. Anaphylaxis requires urgent recognition and treatment. Intramuscular epinephrine is the mainstay of treatment and should be administered as early as possible, with secondary measures to include H1 and H2 antihistamines, corticosteroids, IV fluids, oxygen, and bronchodilators. A period of observation is required following treatment. Atopic individuals are at a higher risk of developing anaphylaxis, such as those with asthma.