Freiman Stephen W. - The fracture of brittle materials: testing and analysis

1. Chapter 05
2. Chapter 06
3. Chapter 07
4. Chapter 08
5. Chapter 09

1. Chapter 01
2. Chapter 02
3. Chapter 03
4. Chapter 04
5. Chapter 05
6. Chapter 06
7. Chapter 07
8. Chapter 08
9. Chapter 09
10. Chapter 10

Testing and Analysis

Second Edition

Stephen W. Freiman
John J. Mecholsky, Jr.

Copyright 2019 by The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.

Edition History
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1e, 2012)

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The right of Stephen W. Freiman and John J. Mecholsky, Jr. to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress CataloginginPublication Data

Names: Freiman, S. W., author. | Mecholsky, John J., Jr., author.
Title: The fracture of brittle materials : testing and analysis / Stephen W. Freiman and John J. Mecholsky, Jr.
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2018036245 (print) | LCCN 2018036557 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118769669 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781118769775 (ePub) | ISBN 9781118769706 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Fracture mechanics. | Brittleness.
Classification: LCC TA409 (ebook) | LCC TA409 .F765 2018 (print) | DDC 620.1/126dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018036245

Cover design by Wiley
Cover image: Courtesy of Gina and Jason Blume

We want to thank Jason and Gina Blume for the picture of the natural fracture origin on the cover of this book.

We want to dedicate this book to all the people who inspired us, guided us, and collaborated with us over the years. We especially want to acknowledge the influence of Roy Rice, George. D Quinn, and Shelly Wiederhorn in formulating many of our ideas. In many cases, they provided the necessary catalyst to further our knowledge through discussions and collaborative research.

The purpose of this book is to bring together the background, testing procedures, and analysis methods needed to design and use materials that fail in a brittle manner, primarily ceramics. In this context we define ceramics quite broadly as any inorganic nonmetal. Such a definition includes diverse materials such as semiconductors (e.g. Si, GaAs, InP), other single crystals (ZnSe, CaF, etc.), cements and concrete, and of course the oxides, carbides, nitrides, and others that we normally think of as ceramics. Ceramics are also used in composite form, either by dispersing one phase in another or by crystallizing phases from a glassy matrix. Most test procedures designed for monolithic bodies can be used here as well. However, continuous fiberreinforced composites behave quite differently and will not be discussed herein. Ceramics are also increasingly used in films and coatings, but determining the mechanical properties of materials in these forms is more complex and will not be addressed in this book.

This book addresses testing and analysis at temperatures for which the material behaves in a brittle manner. At elevated temperatures other modes of failure often are important. These include creep as well as general plastic deformation. Both of these topics are outside the scope of this book.

In this book we provide the reader some of the background needed to understand the brittle fracture process as well as a basis for choosing the proper test procedures. The mathematical development of the expressions used to calculate the various properties will be kept to a minimum; the reader will be referred to fundamental references. We intend to provide examples to allow the reader unfamiliar with the tests to be able to perform the test procedures properly. However, the reader is strongly encouraged to consult formal national and international standards for more extensive test procedures. Questions to test comprehension for selfevaluation are given at the conclusion of each chapter.

summarizes the critical issues with respect to brittle fracture.

STEPHEN W. FREIMAN
JOHN J. MECHOLSKY, JR.

We gratefully acknowledge the work of Nicholas Mecholsky in preparing many of the illustrations in this volume. We also appreciate the numerous technical discussions with George Quinn and Jeffrey Fong. Finally, we would like to express our gratitude to Roy Rice for introducing us to many of the topics discussed in this book, particularly those focused on the effects of microstructure.