Ma Jing-heng Sheng - Modern Mandarin Chinese grammar: a practical guide

Modern
MANDARIN CHINESE
GrammarModern Mandarin Chinese Grammar provides an innovative reference guide to Mandarin Chinese, combining traditional and function-based grammar in a single volume. The Grammar is divided into two parts. part A covers traditional grammatical categories such as phrase order, nouns, verbs, and specifiers. part B is carefully organized around language functions and notions such as: Communication strategies Making comparisons Giving and seeking information Expressing apologies, regrets, and sympathies The two parts of the Grammar are closely linked by extensive cross-references, providing a grammatical and functional perspective on many patterns. All grammar points and functions are richly illustrated with examples, with a strong focus on contemporary usage. Main features of the Grammar include: Examples given in simplified characters, traditional characters and romanization (pinyin) Clear explanations and accessible descriptions particular attention to areas of particular difficulty for learners of Mandarin Chinese Implementing feedback from users of the first edition of the Grammar, this second edition has been revised throughout to offer expanded explanations, examples, cross-referencing, and indexing and brand new chapters on aspect, resultative verbs, directional verbs, and ba sentences.

This is the ideal reference grammar for learners of Mandarin Chinese at all levels, from elementary to advanced. No prior knowledge of grammatical terminology is assumed and a glossary of grammatical terms is provided. This Grammar is accompanied by the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar Workbook (978-0-415-83488-9) which features related exercises and activities. Claudia Ross is Professor of Chinese Language and Linguistics in the Department of Modern Languages at the College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. Jing-heng Sheng Ma is Emeritus Professor of Chinese Studies at Wellesley College, Massachusetts, USA. Routledge Modern Grammars Series concept and development Sarah Butler Other books in the seriesModern French Grammar, Second EditionModern French Grammar Workbook, Second EditionModern German Grammar, Second EditionModern German Grammar Workbook, Second EditionModern Italian Grammar, Third EditionModern Italian Grammar Workbook, Second EditionModern Brazilian Portuguese GrammarModern Brazilian Portuguese Grammar WorkbookModern Russian GrammarModern Russian Grammar WorkbookModern Spanish Grammar, Third EditionModern Spanish Grammar Workbook, Third EditionModern Japanese GrammarModern Japanese Grammar Workbook First published 2006 by Routledge This second edition published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business 2006, 2014 Claudia Ross and Jing-heng Sheng Ma The right of Claudia Ross and Jing-heng Sheng Ma to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Ross, Claudia. Modern Mandarin Chinese grammar : a practical guide / Claudia Ross, Jing-heng Sheng Ma. pages cm. (Routledge Modern grammars) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. 1.

Chinese languageGrammar. 2. Mandarin dialectsGrammar. 3. Mandarin dialects Self-instruction. 4.

Chinese languageTextbooks for foreign speakersEnglish. I. Ma, Jingheng Sheng. II. Title. PL1107.R65 2014 495.182421dc23 2013034333 ISBN: 978-0-415-82715-7 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-82714-0 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-81475-9 (ebk) Typeset in Times New Roman by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong

We are grateful to the many people who have assisted us in the preparation of this second edition of the Modern Mandarin Chinese Grammar.

We particularly thank Baozhang He and pei-Chia Chen for their careful reading of the entire manuscript and for their suggestions and corrections, and for the many readers who sent us feedback on the first edition. We thank the Routledge editors for their help and patience. We thank our family members for their encouragement and help, Lester Ross, Jocelyn Ross, Adam Ross, and Weiyi Ma.

Chapter 1 The classification of finals in is from John Defrancis, Beginning Chinese, 2nd revised edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976. Chapter 3 Yuen-ren Chao, A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968.

John DeFrancis (ed.) ABC Chinese-English Dictionary, Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996. John DeFrancis, Beginning Chinese, 2nd revised edition. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976. Jerry Norman, Chinese, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. L. Chapter 12 The source of the legal example in is the Child Welfare Law of the Republic of China, Section 1, article 3. Chapter 22 The information on names is based on a survey published in the xinggng xng do rbo (Hong Kong and Singapore Daily News) in 2002 and reported in d cn ko zng (VIP Reference) vol. 1640, July 28, 2002. Chapter 50 The source of the legal examples in is the Economic Contract Law of the PRC (as amended 1993) as cited in Claudia Ross and Lester Ross, Language and Law, in Karen G. Chapter 50 The source of the legal examples in is the Economic Contract Law of the PRC (as amended 1993) as cited in Claudia Ross and Lester Ross, Language and Law, in Karen G.

Turner, James V. Feinerman and R. Kent Guy (eds) The Limits of the Rule of Law in China, Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000, pp. 22170. Claudia Ross and Jing-heng Sheng Ma

This book is divided into two sections: Structures and Situations and functions. Structures is a concise grammar of Mandarin Chinese organized in the familiar and traditional way, providing an overview of the Chinese writing system and describing the major features of Mandarin grammar.

This section should be used for reference when you want to know something about a form or structure. For example, if you want to review the structure of the noun phrase, or how to form numbers, or the structure of the passive form, you should consult this section. Situations and functions is organized in terms of how to do things with language, and it is the longer of the two sections. For example, if you want to know how to address someone, how to say no, how to make comparisons, or how to apologize, you should consult this section. Often, the same ground is covered in both parts of this book, although the emphasis is different in each section. Related sections are linked by cross-referencing, indicated by arrows in the margin of the page directing you to another section.

Related functions are also cross-referenced throughout the book. You should always follow the cross-reference links so that you have a complete picture of the expression that you are exploring and can use it correctly and accurately. Topics covered in this book are listed in the table of contents and in the index, and you should use them to help you find words and topics quickly and easily. Notice that the index is an alphabetical listing that includes keywords in English and in pinyin romanization. For example, if you want to know how to indicate that you have had an experience in the past you can look in the index for the English expression experiential aspect or for the word

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