Jess French - Earths Incredible Oceans

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Author Jess Fr ench Illustrato r Claire McElfatrick Senior Art Editor Claire P atane Senior Editor Lizzie Munsey Project Editor Clare Lloyd US Senior Editor Shannon Beatty Design Assistance Rachael Hare, Charlotte Milner Subject Consultant Helen Scales Educational Consultant Jenny Lane-Smith Production Editor Abigail Maxwell Producer John Casey Jacket Designer Claire P atane Jacket Coord inator Isobel W alsh Picture Re searcher Sakshi Saluja Managing Editor Penny Smith Managing Art Editor Mabel Chan Creative Director Helen Senior Publishing Director Sarah Larter First American Edition, 2021 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Broadway , S uite 801, New Yor k, NY 10018 Copyright 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Pe nguin Random House LLC 21 22 23 24 25 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001321025Apr/2021 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright r eserved above, no part of this publication may be r eprodu ced, st ored in or introduc ed into a re trieval system, or transmi tted, in an y form, or by an y means (electronic , mechanic al, ph otocopying, recordi ng, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner . Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kinder sley Limited A catalog re cord for this book is available from t he Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-0-7440-2667-2 Printed and bound in China www.dk .com Growing up on the coast, I have always felt a connection to the ocean. I have seen such incredible things there, on the boundary between land and water. Yet the life and geography I experienced at the seaside was only a tiny glimpse into the amazing ocean world. From deep-sea yetis to vibrant coral reefs, the ocean is bursting with bizarre and beautiful sights. Come with me as we dive headfirst into Earths incredible oceans and uncover the secrets of their strange and mysterious depths. Jess French This book was made with Fo rest Stewardsh ip Council certified paper one small step in DKs commitment to a sust ainable future . For mor e inf ormation go to www.d k.com/our- green-pl edge

4 W hat is an ocean? 6 Oceans & seas 8 The ocean in motion 10 The ocean floor 12 Layers of life 14 Ancient oceans 16 Exploring the ocean 18 O cean animals 20 I nvertebrates 22 Jellyfish 24 Octopuses 26 S harks & rays 28 Fish 30 O cean reptiles 32 S eabirds 34 Ocean mammals 36 Narwhals 38 Living in the ocean 40 Food web 42 Hiding in plain sight 44 S afety in numbers 46 W ork ing together 48 L oving care 50 Animals on the move 52 O cean habitats 54 C oral reefs 56 S eagrass meadows 58 K elp forests 60 The open ocean 62 Deep-sea dwellers 64 Life under the ice 66 S eashore 68 Oceans & me 70 How oceans help us 72 Changing oceans 74 Helping oceans 76 G lossary 78 Index 80 Acknowledgments

This water is called the ocean. It covers most of the Earths sur face and is crucial to life as we know it . The ocean is so vast and deep that large areas of it are still unexplored. Unlike the water in rivers and lakes, ocean water is salty . Ocean water is constantly moving. It can be blown by the wind, pulled by the gravity of the moon, or pushed around by an earthquake. Read on to learn more about Earths incredible oceans! The E arth is covered in so much water that fr om space our planet looks blue.

Seas Seas are smaller than oceans. They are usually on the edge of land and are often partly enclosed by it. Atlantic Ocean Pacific Ocean Southern Ocean Beaufort Sea Chukchi Sea Gulf of Alaska Bering Sea Baffin Bay Amundsen Sea Chilean Sea Scotia Sea Sargasso Sea Lincoln Sea Greenland Sea Labrador Sea Caribbean Sea Weddell Sea North America South America The ocean is one big area of water, but we split it into five basins: Arctic, At lantic, Indian, Pacific, and S outher n. These basins were form ed millions of years ago. They are all connected. T h e g r e a t o c e a n c o n v e y o r b e l t Gulf of Mexico

Indian Ocean Arctic Ocean Mediterranean Sea North Sea Norwegian Sea Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Kara Sea East Siberian Sea Sea of Okhotsk Sea of Japan East China Sea South China Sea Tasman Sea Caspian Sea Black Sea Asia Europe Africa Australia Antarctic Barents Sea Ducks overboard! In 1992, a container of bath toys spilled into the ocean. Since then, rubber ducks have been seen all over the world, carried around by ocean currents. Ta nker The o cean covers 7 1 pe rcent of the planet and holds 97 percent of its water. Great ocean conv eyor b elt When water moves constantly in one direction, we call it a current. The great ocean conveyor belt is one of the longest currents in the worldit takes a molecule of water about 1,000 years to travel the length of it. Laptev Sea Baltic Sea

In the upper layers of water, currents are created by the wind. In deeper water, currents are driven by the temperature of the water and how salty it is. Ocean water is always moving. But how it moves depends on many things, including wind speed and direction, water temperature and depth, and even the actions of the moon. COLD COLD WAT ER WAT ER DOWN DOWN Water that is cold and salty is heavy, so it sinks. WARM WARM WAT ER WAT ER UP UP Warmer, less salty water moves up to the surface. W ater is coldest at the North and South poles.

When something like an earthquake moves a large volume of water, a tsunami is created. Tsunamis are huge waves that can travel very quickly and do a lot of damage on land. Danger waves Fast-moving waves spread out from the earthquake site.