Dorling Kindersley - Pocket Genius Ocean

POCKET GENIUS FACTS AT YOU R FI NGERT IPS

DK DELHI Senior Editor Virien Chopra Senior Art Editor Vikas Chauhan Project Art Editor Heena Sharma Art Editor T anisha Mandal Assistant Editor Sukriti Kapoor Picture Researc her Co-ordiantor Sumita Khatwani Picture Researc h Manager Ta iyaba Khatoon Managing Editor Kingshuk Ghoshal Managing Art Editor Govind Mittal Senior DTP Designer Neeraj Bhatia DTP Designer Bimlesh Tiwari Pre-produ ction Manager Balwant Singh Production Manager Pankaj Sharma Jacket Designer Juhi Sheth DK LONDON Senior Editor Ankita Awasthi T r ger Senior Art Editor Laura Gardner Design Studio Ltd Project Editors Bharti Bedi, Ben Ffrancon Davies, Priyanka Kharbanda US Editor Megan Douglass Managing Editor Christine Stroyan Managing Art Editor Anna Hall Senior Production Editor Andy Hilliard Production Contr oller Samantha Cross Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT Publisher Andrew Macintyre Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler Art Director Karen Self Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Author Ben Hubbard Consultant Derek Harvey First American Edition, 2021 Published in the United States by DK Publishing 1450 Br oadway , Suite 801, New Y ork, NY 10018 Copyright 2021 Dorling Kindersley Limited DK, a Division of Penguin Random House LLC 21 22 23 24 25 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001322652Jun/2021 All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under the copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be repr oduced, stor ed in or intr oduced into a r etrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recor ding, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of the copyright owner . Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited A catalog recor d for this book is available from the Library of Congr ess. ISBN 978-0-7440-3361-8 Printed and bound in Latvia For t he cur io us www.dk.com This book was made with Forest Steward ship Council certied paperone small step in DK s commitment to a sustainable future. For more information go to www. dk.com/our- green-pledge

CONTENTS 2 T he coast 3 Rocky shores R ocky shore life 3 Soft shores S oft shore life 4 Salt marshes and mangroves Shorebird s and seabirds Schools of sh 5 S hallow seas S eagrass meadow life K elp forest life M ollusks C rustaceans E chinoderms F ish in shallow seas 6 Cartilaginous sh C oral reefs C oral reef life 8 O cean waters T he sunlit zone 8 The food chain J ellysh P redators C artilaginous sh F ilter feeders 1 P olar oceans P olar life 1 S ailing the oceans 1 Explorers D eep-sea exploration M odern ships O cean recre ation F ood from the oceans E nergy O ceans in peril 1 Saving the oceans Fascinating facts 1 D id you know? 1 Glossary 1 Index 1 Acknowledgments 26 SEASHORES A ND THE COAST 124 HUMANS AND THE OCEANS 48 SHALLOW SEAS 78 THE OPEN OCEAN 114 POLAR W A TERS A world of water T he ve oceans How the oceans were formed 1 Ocean topography 1 O ceanic winds and storms 1 Ocean currents 1 Ocean water 2 Ocean environments History of ocean life Humans and the oceans C etaceans O cean birds T he twilight zone T he midnight zone 1 Hydrothermal vents Scales and sizes This book contains proles of ocean creature s with scale drawings to show their size. 6 ft (1.8 m ) 6 in (15 c m) 6 ft (1.8 m) in (20 cm) 1 in (4 c m)

| OCEAN A world of water Earth is a blue, watery world, with seawater covering more than two-thirds of its surface. Most of this seawater is contained in ve vast oceans. Beneath the waves, these oceans teem with life. The ocean environment is vital to our survival on land, yet it remains a mysterious and lar gely un explored place. Chemical soup Life on Earth probably began ar ound hydrothermal vents deep on the ocean oor . These vents spew boiling hot water containing dissolved chemicals and minerals that are essential building blocks for life. Var ied habitats Oceans and seas make up the larges t environment for life on Earth. There are many habitats within this environment, and a vast variety of animal and plant life. The blue planet From space, Earth looks like a gr een and blue marble covered with ocean water . W ater makes Earth a unique planet and the only one we know of that supports life.

A WORLD OF W A TER | Wild surface The world s oceans ar e closely linked to our weather and climate, and therefor e have a signicant impact on life on land. In turn, human activity on land affects the health of the oceans. Changing levels Global warming caused by accelerated climate change is leading to the melting of glaciers and polar ice. This is, in turn, warming the oceans and causing sea levels to rise, threatening low-lying coastal regions and islands with ooding. Muir Glacier , Alaska, 1941 Muir Glacier , Alaska, 2004 The extent of this glacier reduced by nearly 7 miles (11 km) between 1941 and 2004.

| OCEAN The ve oceans The larg est bodies of water on Earth are the ve oceans: the Pacic, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic, and Southern oceans. Although the oceans have differ ent names, they ar e all connected. T ogether , they make up one lar ge mass of constantly moving water that stretches ar ound the globe. A rocky outcro p off the coast of Penzance, Cornwall, UK, near the western edge of Europe The Atlantic Ocean Around half the size of the Pacic, the Atlantic is the world s second-lar gest ocean. It separates the continents of Europe and Africa fr om North and South America. The Pacic Ocean Covering more than a thir d of the Earth s surface, the Pacic is the world s lar gest ocean. It is also the deepest and contains the Mariana T r enchthe world s deepest place. Many island chains are found in the Pacic, including the islands of Hawaii.

THE FIVE OCEANS | The Indian Ocean Most of the Indian Ocean lies ar ound the Earth s equator . This means it contains mainly warm, tropical water , which can reach 82F (28C). Little wonder , then, that it is home to some of the larg est coral reefs on Earth. However , the water becomes cooler as it mingles with the Southern Ocean. Arctic icebergs The polar oceans The Northern Hemisphere s Arctic Ocean and the Southern Hemisphere s Southern Ocean ar e the world s coldest waters. They are fringed with vast ice sheets and feature oating icebergs . Global warming is causing a lot of this ice to melt. Seas are lar ge ar eas of salty water partly surrounded by lan d. Some seas, such as the Caspian, are entir ely landlocked. Others feed into oceans; the Mediterranean (right), for example, links to the Atlantic Ocean. Sea and land Ar ctic Ocean Southern Ocean