Darcy Pattison - A.I.: How Patterns Helped Artificial Intelligence Defeat World Champion Lee Sedol

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cover

A.I.: How Patterns Helped Arti cial

Intelligence Defeat World Champion Lee Sedol

Written by Darcy Pattison

Illustrated by Peter Willis

Text copyright 2021 by Darcy Pattison

Illustrations copyright 2021 by Mims House

All rights reserved.

Mims House

1309 Broadway

Little Rock, AR 72202

MimsHouseBooks.com

Publishers Cataloging-in-Publication data

Names: Pattison, Darcy, author. | Willis, Peter, illustrator.

Title: A. I. : how patterns helped arti cial intelligence beat

world champion Lee Sedol / by Darcy Pattison; illustrated

by Peter Willis.

Series: Moments in Science

Description: Little Rock, AR: Mims House, 2021.

Identi ers: LCCN: 2020924218 | ISBN: 9781629441818

(Hardcover) | 9781629441849 (pbk.) | 9781629441825

(ebook) | 9781629441832 (audio)

Subjects: LCSH Arti cial intelligence--Juvenile literature.|

Machine learning--Juvenile literature. | Go (Game) |

Sedol, Lee--Juvenile literature. | Computers--History-

-Juvenile literature. | CYAC Arti cial intelligence. |

Machine learning. | Sedol, Lee. | Computers--History. |

BISAC JUVENILE NONFICTION / Computers / General |

JUVENILE NONFICTION / Technology / General

Classi cation: LCC Q325.5 .P38 AI 2021 |

DDC 006.3--dc23

It was March , 2016 , in Seoul , Korea . The ve-game

Google DeepMind Challenge Match would begin soon

between Lee Sedol , the worlds best Go player , and

AlphaGo , an arti cial intelligence ( A.I .) computer program.

Go , the oldest board game in the world ,

was ideal for testing a computer program .

Games have scores . When the programs

scores improved , it meant the A.I . was

getting better .

The Go board has lines across and lines

up and down , forming a grid . To play , a

white or black stone is placed on the grid .

The goal is to capture more territory than

your opponent .

Lee Sedol had won eighteen international Go championships . He once

said , I want my style of Go to be something di erent , something new , my

own thing .

Go players call an unexpected , perfect move a Divine Move . Such a

move might happen only once in a lifetime .

AlphaGo was created in 2014 as a computer program to play Go . To train

a computer to play a game , you can do one of two things .

The rst way to train a program is to give it rules to follow , like this : If a

photo has a circle with two triangles on top, its a cat . But what if the cat is

curled up sleeping ? What if the cat is stalking a rat ?

Each photo would need slightly di erent rules . The rules would need to be

very complicated in order for the program to recognize a cat correctly

every time .

The second way to train a program is with deep learning , a kind of A.I .

First , you give the program thousands of pictures , each labeled CAT or

NOT CAT . The computer analyzes the photos , looking for patterns in the

information.

It develops its own idea , or model , of what is a cat . Deep learning is

faster and more accurate than using rules because humans dont have to

write rules for every variation .

Using deep learning , the DeepMind team trained AlphaGo with

games played by strong players and champion professionals . In October

2015 , AlphaGo beat Fan Hui , the European Go champion . However , the

DeepMind team worried :

Thursday , March , 2016

Frigid winds blew on that winter morning in March . Inside the Four

Seasons Hotel , a mob of reporters followed every move of the match .

Playing black , Lee went rst .

One of DeepMinds team members watched the computer screen .

When AlphaGo decided on a move , the team member picked up a white

stone and put it on the chosen intersection .

Lee sat on the edge of his seat for the whole game . At rst , he attacked ,

forcing AlphaGo to defend . AlphaGo fought back . After twenty minutes ,

experts were surprised that AlphaGo was ahead .

Finally , Lee rested his hand on the bowl of stones . This was the hardest

game hed ever played . Shaking his head , he accepted the loss .

Aja Huang,

Playing for

AlphaGo

In the press conference afterward, Lee hung his head and almost cried.

It was a stunning loss.

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