Yu Kusminov - Lithium Niobate Crystals

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title	:	Lithium Niobate Crystals : Physico-chemical Aspects of Technology
author	:	Kuz'minov, U.S.
publisher	:	Cambridge International Science Publishing
isbn10 | asin	:	1898326304
print isbn13	:	9781898326304
ebook isbn13	:	9780585173672
language	:	English
subject	Metal crystals--Electric properties, Metal crystals--Growth, Lithium niobate--Analysis.
publication date	:	1999
lcc	:	QD921.K8 1999eb
ddc	:	548.5
subject	:	Metal crystals--Electric properties, Metal crystals--Growth, Lithium niobate--Analysis.

Page iii Lithium Niobate Crystals (Physico-Chemical Aspects of Technology) Yu S Kuz'minov General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE PUBLISHING

Page iv Published by Cambridge International Science Publishing 7 Meadow Walk, Great Abington, Cambridge CB1 6AZ, UK http://www.demon.co.uk/cambsci/homepage.htm First published June 1999 Yu.S. Kuz'minov Cambridge International Science Publishing Conditions of sale All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 1 898326304 Translated by Victor Riecansky Production Irina Stupak Printed by The Book Company, Ipswich, England

Page v Foreword V.S. Osiko,Academician of the Russian Academy, of Sciences The lithium niobate crystal has a unique combination of physical properties: it is at the same time a ferroelectric, a piezoelectric and pyroelectric and, in addition to this, has high nonlinear-optical and electro-optical coefficients and photorefractive sensitivity. Because of these properties, these crystals can be used in optical and acoustic devices, and photorefractive sensitivity, enhanced by doping with transition metals, offers new possibilities of using a lithium niobate as a holographic medium for recording information. Because of this wide range of properties, the lithium niobate crystal has been the subject of special attention for almost 30 years. These properties are determined by the crystallographic structure of lithium niobate which is more sensitive to both physical and chemical effects. This circumstance complicates the production of crystals of high optical quality and uniform chemical composition and the industrial conditions. In this book, small in size, special attention is paid to the physical-chemical special features of technology. Taking these features into account, it is possible to produce crystals satisfying the requirements imposed on them. The disruption of stoichiometry in these crystals and detection of this disruption by physical methods are investigated. At the same time, the concepts and methods proposed in the book are of general nature and can be used in the technology of other crystals. The book may be useful to experts in the area of single crystal growth and to developers of devices based on lithium niobate crystals, and can also be recommended to students of advanced courses in appropriate specialisation.

Page vi About the Author Prof Yuri Sergeevich Kuz'minov is a Corresponding Member of the Engineering Academy of Sciences of the Russian Federation, Principal Research Associate of the General Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, a specialist in the field of nonlinear optical crystals for laser radiation control. He has published more than 150 publications in Russian and foreign journals and three monographs, including Ferroelectric Thin-Film Waveguides in Integrated Optics and Optoelectronics (together with A M Prokhorov and O A Khachaturyan), published in 1996 by Cambridge International Science Publishing.

Page vii Contents Introduction 1 1. Physico-Chemical Properties of the Lithium Niobate Melt 2 1.1 Temperature Dependence of Melt Viscosity 2 1.2 Surface Tension 3 1.3 Effect of Magnesium Oxide on the Lithium Niobate Melt 5 1.4 Electrical Conductivity 6 1.5 Congruently Melting Composition and the Distribution Coefficient of Li2O 7 2. Melt Flows in the Crucible Under the Conditions of Induction Heating and Growth of Lithium Niobate Crystals by the Czochralski Method 9 2.1 Dimensionless Quantities Describing Melt Convection

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