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Learn Python-3

Python Technologies

I would like to dedicate the book to the students who will be using it. I wish you future career success and hope you never stop learning.

Contents

Preface

Python is a general-purpose interpreted, interactive, object-oriented, and high-level programming language. It was created by Guido van Rossum during 1985- 1990. Like Perl, Python source code is also available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). Python is named after a TV Show called Monty Pythons Flying Circus and not after Python-the snake.

Python 3.0 was released in 2008. Although this version is supposed to be backward incompatibles, later on many of its important features have been backported to be compatible with version 2.7.This book gives enough understanding on Python 3 version programming language. Please refer to this link for our Python book.

This book is designed for software programmers who want to upgrade their Python skills to Python 3. This book can also be used to learn Python programming language from scratch.

You should have a basic understanding of Computer Programming terminologies. A basic understanding of any of the programming languages is a plus.

Why to Learn Python 3?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.

Python is a MUST for students and working professionals to become a great Software Engineer specially when they are working in Web Development Domain. I will list down some of the key advantages of learning Python:

• Python is Interpreted Python is processed at runtime by the interpreter. You do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.
• Python is Interactive You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs.
• Python is Object-Oriented Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.
• Python is a Beginner's Language Python is a great language for the beginner-level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.

Characteristics of Python

Following are important characteristics of python

• It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.
• It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large applications.
• It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.
• It supports automatic garbage collection.
• It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.

Applications of Python

As mentioned before, Python is one of the most widely used language over the web. I'm going to list few of them here:

• Easy-to-learn Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.
• Easy-to-read Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.
• Easy-to-maintain Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.
• A broad standard library Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.
• Interactive Mode Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.
• Portable Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all platforms.
• Extendable You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.
• Databases Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.
• GUI Programming Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.
• Scalable Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.

What is New in Python 3?

The __future__ module

Python 3.x introduced some Python 2-incompatible keywords and features that can be imported via the in-built __future__ module in Python 2. It is recommended to use __future__ imports, if you are planning Python 3.x support for your code.

For example, if we want Python 3.x's integer division behavior in Python 2, add the following import statement.

from __future__ import division

The print Function

Most notable and most widely known change in Python 3 is how the print function is used. Use of parenthesis () with print function is now mandatory. It was optional in Python 2.

print "Hello World" #is acceptable in Python 2

print ( "Hello World" ) # in Python 3, print must be followed by ()

The print() function inserts a new line at the end, by default. In Python 2, it can be suppressed by putting ',' at the end. In Python 3, "end =' '" appends space instead of newline.

print x , # Trailing comma suppresses newline in Python 2

print ( x , end = " " ) # Appends a space instead of a newline in Python 3

Reading Input from Keyboard

Python 2 has two versions of input functions, input() and raw_input() . The input() function treats the received data as string if it is included in quotes '' or "", otherwise the data is treated as number.

In Python 3, raw_input() function is deprecated. Further, the received data is always treated as string.

In Python

>>> x = input ( 'something:' )

something : #entered data is treated as number

>>> x

>>> x = input ( 'something:' )

something : '10' #entered data is treated as string

>>> x

'10'

>>> x = raw_input ( "something:" )

something : #entered data is treated as string even without ''

>>> x

'10'

>>> x = raw_input ( "something:" )

something : '10' #entered data treated as string including ''

>>> x

"'10'"

In Python

>>> x = input ( "something:" )

something :

>>> x

'10'

>>> x = input ( "something:" )

something : '10' #entered data treated as string with or without ''

>>> x

"'10'"

>>> x = raw_input ( "something:" ) # will result NameError

Traceback ( most recent call last ):

File "" , line , in

x = raw_input ( "something:" )

NameError : name 'raw_input' is not defined

Integer Division

In Python 2, the result of division of two integers is rounded to the nearest integer. As a result, 3/2 will show 1. In order to obtain a floating-point division, numerator or denominator must be explicitly used as float. Hence, either 3.0/2 or 3/2.0 or 3.0/2.0 will result in 1.5

Python 3 evaluates 3 / 2 as 1.5 by default, which is more intuitive for new programmers.

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