Mike McGrath - SQL in easy steps 4th Edition
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In easy steps is an imprint of In Easy Steps Limited16 Hamilton Terrace Holly Walk Leamington SpaWarwickshire United Kingdom CV32 4LYwww.ineasysteps.com4th EditionCopyright 2020 by In Easy Steps Limited. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior written permission from the publisher.Notice of LiabilityEvery effort has been made to ensure that this book contains accurate and current information. However, In Easy Steps Limited and the author shall not be liable for any loss or damage suffered by readers as a result of any information contained herein.TrademarksAll trademarks are acknowledged as belonging to their respective companies.ContentsHow To Use This BookThe creation of this book has provided me, Mike McGrath, a welcome opportunity to update my previous books on SQL programming with the latest techniques. All the examples I have given in this book demonstrate SQL features using the current MySQL Relational Database Management System that is supported on both Windows and Linux operating systems.Conventions in this bookIn order to clarify the code listed in the steps given in each example, I have adopted certain colorization conventions. Mike McGrathIf you dont achieve the result illustrated in any example, simply compare your code to that in the original example files you have downloaded to discover where you went wrong.1Introducing SQLWelcome to the exciting world of the Structured Query Language (SQL). This chapter describes how to install a free SQL database server on your system.What is SQL?The Structured Query Language (SQL) is a language designed specifically for communicating with databases. Today SQL is the industry-wide standard language used by most database systems.
A programming language (pronounced either S-Q-L or sequel) designed to manage database data.Databases allow collections of data to be stored in an organized manner in the same way that data can be stored in an organized way inside files within a filing cabinet. Most modern DataBase Management Systems (DBMSs) store data in related tables, so are called Relational DBMS (RDBMS). The data stored inside databases can be examined and manipulated by SQL commands.SQL commands are known as queries and utilize special keywords that can be used both to add data to a database, or extract details of data contained within a database. There are not many keywords so SQL is simple to understand but, despite its apparent simplicity, is a powerful language. Clever use of its language components enable complex sophisticated database operations to be performed.The evolution of SQLThe model for the basis of SQL was defined back in 1970 by Dr. E. F. Todd, a researcher for IBM, in a paper entitled A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks. This article generated a great deal of interest in the feasibility of producing a practical commercial application of such a system.IBM really began to develop these ideas in 1974 when they started the System/R project which eventually created the Structured English Query Language (SEQUEL). This was rewritten in 1976 to include multi-table and multi-user features and was renamed SQL in 1978. During this time other software companies had begun working on database systems based upon the SQL model. Most notable of these were Oracle, Sybase and Ingres (from the University of Californias Berkeley Ingres project). The first to be released commercially was Oracle in 1979. IBM released improved database products named SQL/DS in 1982 and DB2 in 1983.Modern versions of Oracle, Sybase, Ingres and DB2 DBMS are available today and are in widespread use around the world.Standardization of SQLIn order to clarify the precise nature of SQL, so it could be implemented universally, each aspect of the language was defined in 1989 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) in a standard specification known as SQL-89. This was expanded three years later with publication of the SQL-92 specification by a joint committee of ANSI and the International Standards Organization (ISO). Font size:
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