Udit Kumar - Fundamentals of 5G: Emphasis on fronthaul and TSN protocols

Forewords "Beautifully captured all the details of 5G (network architecture, CPRI, eCPRI, TSN, JESD) in a very concise manner. The content of the book is so well written in an ordered manner which helps in getting a complete aerial view of 5G which otherwise would have been very difficult for anyone especially to those who are ramping up on 5G. As a Manager, I found it very insightful to get updated about the latest 5G trends along with a complete overview of the 5G network. I wish the authors great success for this effort." -Rajesh Chopra., Intel Corporation, Bangalore, India. "5G is undoubtedly a technological breakthrough, creating immense new use-cases and opportunities. I feel really intrigued reading this book, capturing all the relevant information in a concise and easy-to-understand way. Such books are rare to find, and hence I strongly recommend reading this book." -Jasvir Singh, Qualcomm, Noida, India. Preface 5G is the most significant technological breakthrough in the telecommunications sector, designed to meet the needs of modern society.

The demand for bandwidth and data rate in various services is growing, causing exponential growth in the field of next-generation wireless communication networks such as 5G. Because of the increasing demand of 5G in industries such as industrial IoT (IIoT), robotics, autonomous driving, cloud computing, and critical communications, among others, it is projected to be used in every new technology. Furthermore, it is opening up new verticals and use-cases. Authored while drawing on the actual experiences in the field of 5G engineering, this book explores radio network evolution, use-cases, probable economic gains, and so on, associated with the 5G tech. It covers wireless communication fundamentals such as modulation, frequency band, beamforming, virtualization, and so on. It also incorporates several other radio network evolutions, such as centralized RAN, Open RAN, and so on.

This book describes how data is transferred between fronthaul and backhaul network interfaces to improve flexibility and capacity. It provides a thorough overview of different interface protocols such as CPRI, eCPRI, and JESD204. Time Sensitive Networking (TSN) is utilized for fronthaul in critical services with low latency requirements, therefore the protocol Precision Time Protocol (PTP) and Frame Preemption are also discussed in depth. This book serves as a compact handbook for a range of readers including but not limited to students, engineers, and managers. It can also serve as a foundation kick-start for someone looking to get started with 5G but lacks any prior understanding of wireless communication. August 2021 Disclaimer The authors have done their best to ensure the correctness of the material and have no obligation or duty to any person or organization for any loss or damages stemming from the book contents.

Further to the best of their knowledge they have incorporated the latest information in the context of 5G at their disposal and make no claim, promises, or guarantees regarding the correctness, completeness, patent infringement, or sufficiency of the same. They explicitly disclaim any liability for mistakes and omissions in the material presented. There is no implicit, explicit, or statutory guarantee of any kind, including fitness for a specific purpose and freedom from computer virus, in the given contents of this book or its hyperlinks to any other Internet resources (if any). This book is an independent work of the authors and is not endorsed by their employer Abbreviation 3GPP 3 rd Generation Partnership Project BBU Baseband unit EM Electromagnetic 1G First Generation VLSI Very Large Scale Integration GSM Global System for Mobile Communications CDMA Code Division Multiple Access SMS Short Message Service FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access TDMA Time Division Multiple Access GPRS General Packet Radio Service EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution PSK Phase-Shift Keying UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System PS Packet Switched ITU-R International Telecommunication Union-Radiocommunication Sector WiMAX Microwave Access UN United Nations TSG Technical Specification Groups RAN Radio Access Networks SA Services & Systems Aspects CT Core Network & Terminals QoE Quality of user Experience 5G 5th generation eMBB Enhanced mobile broadband URLLC Ultra Reliable Low Latency Communications mMTC Massive machine-type communication C-V2X Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything IIoT Industrial IoT ICCID Integrated Circuit Card Identifier IMSI international mobile subscriber identity eSIM Embedded SIM AM Amplitude Modulation UHF Ultra HF VHF Very HF QPSK Quadrature PSK QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation TTI Transmission Tine Interims FFT Fast Fourier Transform IFFT Inverse FFT Fundamentals of 5G - Emphasis on fronthaul and TSN protocols Abbreviation (contd.) SNR Signal to Noise Ratio MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output SIMO Single-Input and Multiple-Output MISO Multiple-Input and Single-Output IAB Integrated Access and Backhaul UE User Equipment BTS Base Transceiver Station RRU Remote Radio Unit eNodeB Evolved Node B eNB Evolved Node B E-UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol EPC Evolved Packet Core SA Standalone NSA Non-Standalone RAT Radio Access Technology NR New Radio MNO Mobile Network Operators CU Centralized Unit RU Radio Unit DU Distributed Unit D-RAN Distributed RAN OBSAI Open Base Station Architecture Initiative CPRI Common Public Radio Interface C-RAN Cloud-RAN NFV Network Function Virtualization SDN Software-Defined Network RLC Radio-Link Control eCPRI Enhanced CPRI RoE Radio over Ethernet IoT Internet of Things COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf O-RAN Open-RAN MR-IOV multi root I/O virtualization OTA Over-The-Air NOS Network Operating Systems ONF Open Networking Foundation Mu-MIMO Multi-User MIMO DBF Digital Beam Forming ABF Analog Beam Forming ICI Inter-Channel Interference ADC Analog-to-Digital Converter CS Component carriers DFT Discrete Fourier Transform Fundamentals of 5G - Emphasis on fronthaul and TSN protocols Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 History.................................. 1.2 Evolution of wireless technology..................... 3 1.3 Performance................................ 3 1.4 Growth of 5th Generation......................... 1.5 5G use cases................................ 6 1.6 Economic value created by 5G...................... 1.7 Risk and Challenges ........................... 2 Basic fundamentals of RF 12 2.1 Introduction................................ 2.2 EM wave transmission & reception.................... 13 2.3 Modulation techniques.......................... 2.3.1 AM and FM........................... 2.3.2 ASK and PSK.......................... 2.3.3 QAM............................... 16 2.3.4 Key requirements for modulation ................ 2.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing: OFDM.......... 2.4.1 Subcarrier Spacing........................ 2.4.2 Overview of an OFDM system.................. 18 2.4.3 DFT/ FFT and IFFT ....................... 19 2.5 Frame, Subframe and Slot ........................ 20 ix 2.6 MIMO................................... 3 5G Network 3.1 Network Architecture........................... 3.1.1 4G Network architecture..................... 23 3.1.2 5G Network architecture..................... 23 3.2 Functional Split.............................. 25 3.3 RAN Architecture evolution ....................... 26 3.3.1 D-RAN evolved to C-RAN.................... 26 3.3.2 C-RAN evolved to vRAN .................... 3.3.3 vRAN evolved to Open RAN.................. 28 3.4 Open RAN Architecture......................... 29 3.5 Software Based Flexible Architecture.................. 30 3.5.1 Software Defined Radio (SDR) ................. 31 3.5.2 Software Defined Networking (SDN).............. 3.5.3 Network Function Virtualization (NFV)............. 3.6 O-RAN Alliance Overview........................ 4 5G Communication System 4.1 5G Frequency band............................ 35 4.2 5G Technology.............................. 37 4.2.1 Massive MIMO.......................... 4.2.2 Small Cell ............................ 4.2.3 Network Slicing ......................... 37 4.2.4 Beamforming & Beam Steering ................. 38 4.2.5 Cyclic Prefix OFDM: CP-OFDM ................ 5 5G Fronthaul 5.1 Fronthaul Interface ............................ 5.1.1 CPRI............................... 44 5.1.2 RoE................................ 45 5.1.3 eCPRI............................... 45 Fundamentals of 5G - Emphasis on fronthaul and TSN protocols 5.2 RF Frontend to Baseband Processing Interface.............. 5.3 Data transmission in ORAN-xHaul.................... 5.4 Synchronization Solution for fronthaul.................. 47 5.4.1 Time Sensitive Networking (TSN)................ 5.4.2 Timing Synchronization in 5G.................. 49 6 CPRI 6.1 Introduction................................ 6.2 CPRI Architecture ............................ 6.3 CPRI Frame Structure........................... 55 6.3.1 IQ data mapping ......................... 55 6.3.2 CPRI Frame & Hyper Frame................... 56 6.3.3 PCS................................ 58 6.4 Challenges and Limitation ........................ 58 7 eCPRI 7.1 Introduction................................ 7.2 CPRI vs eCPRI.............................. 7.3 eCPRI Block Diagram .......................... 7.4 eCPRI Transport............................. 7.4.1 eCPRI packets over Ethernet................... 63 7.5 eCPRI message mapping......................... 7.6 Synchronization.............................. 66 8 The Precision Time Protocol 8.1 Introduction................................ 8.2 Best Master Clock algorithm....................... 8.3 Messages ................................. 8.3.1 Types of PTP messages...................... 71 8.4 Time synchronization........................... 71 8.4.1 Calculation of link delay..................... 71 8.4.2 Calculation of clock offset.................... 73 Fundamentals of 5G - Emphasis on fronthaul and TSN protocols 9 Frame Preemption: 802.3br 9.1 An Application Example......................... 74 9.2 Architecture................................ 9.3 MAC Merge sublayer........................... 76 9.4 mPacket format.............................. 77 10 JESD204B and JESD204C 80 10.1 Introduction................................ 10.1.1 Standard Evolution........................ 10.1.2 Challenges ............................ 10.2 JESD204 Role in 5G ........................... 10.3 Architecture................................ 10.3.1 Deterministic Latency ...................... 10.3.2 JESD204B ............................ 10.3.3 JESD204C ............................ 10.3.3 JESD204C ............................