Oliver Strater - Cognition and Safety: An Integrated Approach to Systems Design and Assessment

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COGNITION AND SAFETY

Cognition and Safety

An Integrated Approach to
Systems Design and Assessment

OLIVER STRTER
Safety and Security Management, EUROCONTROL, Belgium
and
Institute of Ergonomics, Institute of Technology Munich, Germany

First published 2005 by Ashgate Publishing

Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright 2005 Oliver Strter

Oliver Strter has asserted his right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as author of this work.

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Strter, Oliver
Cognition and safety : an integrated approach to systems
design and assessment
1.Industrial safety - Psychological aspects 2.Cognitive
psychology
I.Title
363.1172

Library of Congress Control Number: 2005921529

ISBN 9780754643258 (hbk)
ISBN 9781138266711 (pbk)

Transfered to Digital Printing in 2009

Contents

ACT: Adaptive Control of Thought

AEOD: Analysis and Evaluation of Operation Data

AM: Accident Management

ARAS: Ascending Reticular Activation System

ATHEANA: A Technique for Human Error Analysis

ATM: Air Traffic Management

CAHR: Connectionism Assessment of Human Reliability

CCT: Cognitive Complexity Theory

CES: Cognitive Environmental Simulation

CM: Confusion Matrix approach

COCOM: Contextual Control Model

COSI: Cognitive Simulation

COSIMO: Cognitive Simulation Model

CPU: Central Processing Unit

CREAM: Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method

EEG: Electroencephalogram

EFC: error-forcing context

EOC: Error of Commission

ESAT: Expertensystem zur Aufgaben-Taxonomie (Expert-System for Task Taxonomy)

FRAM: Functional Resonance Accident Models

GEMS: Generic Error Modelling System

GPWS: Ground Proximity Warning System

GRS: Gesellschaft fr Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit

HCR: Human Cognitive Reliability Model

HEART: Human Error Assessment and Reduction Technique

HEP: Human Error Probability

HERA: Human Error in Air traffic management

IDAC: Information, Decision, Action in Crew context

INTENT: Method for estimating human error probabilities for errors of Intention

LTM: Long-Term Memory

MERMOS: Mthode dEvaluation de la Ralisations des Missions Oprateur pour la Sret

MIDAS: Man Machine Integration Design and Analysis System

MMS: Man Machine System

MRT: Multiple Resource Theory

NARA: Nuclear Action Reliability Assessment

OPPS/SAINT: System Analysis Integrated Networks of Tasks

SLIM: Success Likelihood Index Method

SOAR: Unified models of cognition

STM: Short-Term Memory

TEMM: Threat-Error-Management Model

THERP: Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction

VR: Virtual Reality

Severe accidents, incidents and daily safety practice in any industry show the importance of human behaviour for safety. Throughout many industries, quite similar observations can be made regarding the problems of integrating human performance characteristics into design, investigating incidents and assessing human performance.

Design and operation of systems use different methods and models to deal with this important aspect of system safety. For instance, operation is concerned with human error, while design aligns the system to workload or situational awareness. Owing to this methodological gap, a homogeneous treatment of human performance in system design and operation becomes difficult.

The main idea of this book is to focus on an integrated view of cognitive human issues, which means that concepts such as human error, workload, or situational awareness are described in a homogeneous approach. It exploits and integrates findings from physiological and psychological research and applied studies. This provides the reader with a generic perspective of cognitive issues, which s/he then can easily adjust to their own problems. It also provides the reader with a homogeneous view on the variety of cognitive approaches, which usually do not fit well together or have unclear interfaces to each other. Such variety makes it difficult for the practitioner to consider the broad spectrum of cognitive aspects and to improve safety herewith. Another aspect tackled in this book is that cognitive aspects will only be considered if experienced in daily work on future system design. The book will therefore suggest an integrated perspective of cognition in technical systems, which is needed to implement this important field into the design of systems and organizations.

An integrated model provides the opportunity to combine data collection efforts of different industries regarding human performance and to enhance the cross-boundary learning and improvement of systems regarding human characteristics. Examples from process industry, nuclear, aviation, air traffic management, automobile, manufacturing, and medicine are provided.

Good data means no worry (Carnegie, 1999)

The book covers back to several years of work in various safety-related industries and projects, in aviation and air traffic management, nuclear, automobile and occupational safety. The author would like to pass special thanks to those who helped generate the thoughts reflected in this book. Special thanks are given to:

the System Ergonomics Group of the Institute of Ergonomics of the University of Technology Munich;

the Siemens occupational safety department with the Ergonomics Competence Network (E-C-N);

the project on Group Interaction in High Risk Environments (GIHRE);

the OECD Working Group Risk;

the OECD Halden Reactor Project;

the members of the German Working Group on Human Reliability of the VDI (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure; Association of German Engineers);

the members of Eurocontrols project on Solutions for Human Automation Partnership in European Air Traffic Management (SHAPE);

the joint working group on errors of commission of Electricit de France, Paul Scherrer Institute/Switzerland, KEMA/Netherlands, and GRS/Germany;

the Gesellschaft fr Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS);

the German Reactor Safety Commission (RSK);

the Eurocontrol Safety and Security Management Unit;

the Eurocontrol Human Factors and Manpower Unit;

the Eurocontrol Experimental Centre.

Part I
Concerns

Chapter 1
The Need to Model Cognition in Safety

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