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Gary L. Drescher - Made-up minds: a constructivist approach to artificial intelligence

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Book:
Made-up minds: a constructivist approach to artificial intelligence
Author:
Gary L Drescher
Publisher:
MIT Press
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Books / Computer
Year:
1991
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Made-Up Minds addresses fundamental questions of learning and concept invention by means of an innovative computer program that is based on the cognitive-developmental theory of psychologist Jean Piaget. Drescher uses Piagets theory as a source of inspiration for the design of an artificial cognitive system called the schema mechanism, and then uses the system to elaborate and test Piagets theory. The approach is original enough that readers need not have extensive knowledge of artificial intelligence, and a chapter summarizing Piaget assists readers who lack a background in developmental psychology. The schema mechanism learns from its experiences, expressing discoveries in its existing representational vocabulary, and extending that vocabulary with new concepts. A novel empirical learning technique, marginal attribution, can find results of an action that are obscure because each occurs rarely in general, although reliably under certain conditions. Drescher shows that several early milestones in the Piagetian infants invention of the concept of persistent object can be replicated by the schema mechanism.

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title Made-up Minds A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence - photo 1

title	:	Made-up Minds : A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence Artificial Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass.)
author	:	Drescher, Gary L.
publisher	:	MIT Press
isbn10 \| asin	:	0262041200
print isbn13	:	9780262041201
ebook isbn13	:	9780585349855
language	:	English
subject	Artificial intelligence, Schematism (Philosophy) , Human information processing, Concept learning, Piaget, Jean,--1896-
publication date	:	1991
lcc	:	Q335.D724 1991eb
ddc	:	006.33
subject	:	Artificial intelligence, Schematism (Philosophy) , Human information processing, Concept learning, Piaget, Jean,--1896-

Page iii

Made-up Minds

A Constructivist Approach to Artificial Intelligence

Gary L. Drescher

Page iv

1991 Massachusetts Institute of Technology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form by any electronic or mechanical means (including photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval) without permission in writing from the publisher.

This book was printed and bound in the United States of America.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Drescher, Gary L.
Made-up minds : a constructivist approach to artificial intelligence / Gary L. Drescher.
p. cm. (Artificial intelligence)
Outgrowth of the author's thesis (Ph. D.Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-262-04120-0
1. Artificial intelligence. 2. Schematism (Philosophy) 3. Human information processing. 4.
Concept learning. 5. Piaget, Jean, 1896 .I. Title. II. Series: Artificial intelligence (Cambridge,
Mass.)
Q335.D724 1991
006.33dc20 90-23653
CIP

Page v

To my new nephew, Josh
the real thing.

Page vii

CONTENTS

List of Figures

Series Foreword

Acknowledgments

xiii

Preface

I
Constructivist AI

1
Introduction and Overview

1.1 The Schema Mechanism: An Overview

1.2 Origins of Constructivist AI: On the Meaning of Learning

1.3 Guide to the Rest of the Book

2
Synopsis of Piagetian Development

2.1 Piagetian Fundamentals

2.2 First Stage: Reflex Activity, Solipsist Images

2.3 Second Stage: The Coordination of Primary Schemas

2.4 Third Stage: Secondary Circular Reactions, Subjective Permanence

2.5 Fourth Stage: Coordination of Secondary Schemas

2.6 Fifth Stage: Experiments on Objects

2.7 Sixth Stage: Simulation of Events

2.8 Subsequent Periods: Preoperational, Concrete and Formal Operations

2.9 Themes of Piagetian Development

II
The Schema Mechanism

3
Representational Elements: Structure and Use

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