Clement Nedelcu - Nginx HTTP Server
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Harness the power of Nginx to make the most of your infrastructure and serve pages faster than ever
About This Book- Discover possible interactions between Nginx and Apache to get the best of both worlds
- Learn to exploit the features offered by NGinx for your web applications
- Get the newest techniques available, designed with the latest version in mind
By covering both the early setup stages and advanced topics, this book suits web administrators who interested in solutions to optimize their infrastructure, whether you are looking into replacing your existing web server software or integrating a new tool to cooperate with applications that are already up and running. If you, your visitors, and your operating system have been disappointed by Apache, this book is exactly what you need.
What You Will Learn- Get to know the basics of the Nginx configuration: syntax, structure, and semantics
- Understand the advanced load balancing functionality of Nginx and the newest innovative IO mechanisms
- Create virtual host configurations effortlessly
- Discover all the first-party modules: how to enable, configure, and use them
- Establish advanced rewrite rules with the Nginx Rewrite module
- Set up Nginx to work with PHP, Python, and more via FastCGI
- Configure Nginx to work as frontend for your existing HTTP server
- Manipulate configuration files with ease and adapt them to various situations
- Discover the common pitfalls and find out how to avoid them
Nginx is a lightweight HTTP server designed for high-traffic websites, with network scalability as the primary objective. With the advent of high speed Internet access, short loading times and fast transfer rates have become a necessity. This free, open source solution will either come as a full replacement of other software such as Apache, or stand in front of your existing infrastructure to improve its overall speed.
This book is a detailed guide to setting up Nginx in different ways that correspond to actual production situations: as a standalone server, as a reverse proxy, interacting with applications via FastCGI, and more. In addition, this complete directive reference will be your best friend at all stages of the configuration and maintenance processes.
This book is the perfect companion for both Nginx beginners and experienced administrators. For beginners, it will take you through the complete process of setting up this lightweight HTTP server on your system and configuring its various modules so it does exactly what you need quickly and securely. For more experienced administrators, this book provides different approaches that can help you make the most of your current infrastructure. Nginx can be employed in many situations, whether you are looking to construct an entirely new web-serving architecture or simply want to integrate an efficient tool to optimize your site loading speeds.
Style and approachThis tutorial-style book includes detailed instructions on each of the processes it describes, as well as step-by-step tutorials, commented configuration sections, and in-depth module descriptions, so you can make the most of the performance potential offered by Nginx.
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Copyright 2015 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: July 2010
Second edition: July 2013
Third edition: November 2015
Production reference: 1101115
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.
ISBN 978-1-78528-033-7
www.packtpub.com
Author
Clment Nedelcu
Reviewer
Amet Umerov
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Clment Nedelcu was born in France and studied in universities in the UK, France, and China. After teaching computer science, programming, and systems administration in several eastern Chinese universities, he worked as a technology consultant in France. Here, he specialized in web and .NET software development as well as Linux server administration. Since 2005, Clment has administered a major network of websites in his spare time, which eventually led him to discover Nginx. It made such a big difference that he started his own blog about it; you can find it at http://cnedelcu.net.
I would like to express my gratitude to my wife, Julie; my son, Leo; and my family and friends, who were all very supportive throughout the writing process. I would like to extend special thanks to Gwenal Oberlinger (Uptobox), Martin Fjordvald, Cliff Wells, Maxim Dounin, and all the folks at the #nginx IRC channel on Freenode.
Amet Umerov works as a Linux system administrator with hosting provider from Russia. He received his bachelor's degree from Sevastopol State University, where he studied computer science and engineering.
Amet is experienced in using Linux, virtualization, Nginx, and other useful technologies and tools. He believes that the simplicity and modularity of Nginx make it the most flexible solution for organizing reverse proxies, through caching, handling static files, and load balancing.
Amet's latest open source project is a guide to creating and managing Virtuozzo-based containers and virtual machines.
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It is a well-known fact that the market for web servers has a long-established leader: Apache. According to recent surveys conducted in October 2015, almost 35 percent of the World Wide Web is served by this twenty-year old open source application. However, the same reports reveal the rise of a new competitor in the past few years: Nginx, a lightweight HTTP server originating from Russia and pronounced "engine x". What has caused so many server administrators to switch to Nginx since the beginning of the 2009? Is this tiny piece of software mature enough to run a high-traffic website?
To begin with, Nginx is not as young as one might think. Originally started in 2002, the project was first carried out by a standalone developer, Igor Sysoev, for the needs of an extremely high-traffic Russian website, namely Rambler, which received, as of September 2008, over 500 million HTTP requests per day. The application is now used to serve some of the most popular websites on the Web, such as Reddit, Wikipedia, WordPress, Dropbox, and many more. Nginx has proved to be a very efficient, lightweight yet powerful web server. Throughout the chapters in this book, you will discover the numerous features of Nginx and progressively understand why so many administrators decide to place their trust in this new HTTP server, often at the expense of Apache.
There are several aspects in which Nginx is more efficient than its competitors. First, and foremost, it's faster. By making use of asynchronous sockets, Nginx does not spawn processes as many times as it receives requests. One process per core suffices to handle thousands of connections, leading to a much lighter CPU load and memory consumption. Secondly, its simplicity of use is remarkable. Configuration files are much easier to read and tweak with Nginx than with other web server solutions, such as Apache; a couple of lines are enough to set up a complete virtual host configuration.
Last but not least, server administrators appreciate it for its modularity. Not only is Nginx a completely open source project released under a BSD-like license, but it also comes with a powerful plugin system referred to as "modules". A large variety of modules are included with the original distribution archive, and a number of third-party ones can be downloaded online.
All in all, Nginx combines speed, efficiency, and power to provide you with the perfect ingredients for a successful web server. It appears to be the best Apache alternative as of today.
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