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Andrew Butterfield - A Dictionary of Computer Science

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Andrew Butterfield A Dictionary of Computer Science

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Previously named A Dictionary of Computing, this bestselling dictionary has been renamed A Dictionary of Computer Science, and fully revised by a team of computer specialists, making it the most up-to-date and authoritative guide to computing available. Containing over 6,500 entries and with expanded coverage of multimedia, computer applications, networking, and personal computer science, it is a comprehensive reference work encompassing all aspects of the subject and is as valuable for home and office users as it is indispensable for students of computer science.
Terms are defined in a jargon-free and concise manner with helpful examples where relevant. The dictionary contains approximately 150 new entries including cloud computing, cross-site scripting, iPad, semantic attack, smartphone, and virtual learning environment. Recommended web links for many entries, accessible via the Dictionary of Computer Science companion website, provide valuable further information and the appendices include useful resources such as generic domain names, file extensions, and the Greek alphabet.
This dictionary is suitable for anyone who uses computers, and is ideal for students of computer science and the related fields of IT, maths, physics, media communications, electronic engineering, and natural sciences.

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Alphabetical List of Entries

Contents

Appendices

OXFORD QUICK REFERENCE
A Dictionary of
Computer Science

Many entries in this dictionary have recommended web links. In addition to their listing at relevant entries, a complete list of links for this title can be found at www.oxfordreference.com/page/comp

A Dictionary of
Computer Science

SEVENTH EDITION

A Dictionary of Computer Science - image 1

A Dictionary of Computer Science - image 2

Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries

Market House Books Ltd, 1983, 1986, 1990, 1996, 2004, 2008, 2016

The moral rights of the author have been asserted

First edition 1983

Second edition 1986

Third edition 1990

Fourth edition 1996

Fifth edition 2004

Sixth edition 2008

Seventh edition 2016

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above

You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer

Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015952805

ISBN 9780199688975

ebook ISBN 9780191002885

Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third party website referenced in this work.

Editors for this edition
Andrew Butterfield BA, BAI, PhD
Gerard Ekembe Ngondi BEng, MSc
Editors for previous editions
John Daintith BSc, PhD
Edmund Wright MA, PhD
Market House Books Editors
Jonathan Law
Anne Stibbs Kerr
Contributors
P. P. Aslin BSc, MEng, AMIEE
David Aspinall MSc, PhD, FBCS, CEng, FIEE
R. C. Backhouse MA, PhD
David W. Barron MA, PhD, FBCS
Frank Bott MA, CEng, MBCS
Alan Bradley MA, MIEE, MBCS
Alan Bundy BSc, PhD
C. T. Burton BA, MSc, PhD
Andrew Cormack MA, CEng
B. K. Daniels BSc, CEng, FIEE, MBCS, MInstMC, FSaRS
Jonathon A. Dell BSc, CEng, MIEE, MIEEE
David A. Duce BSc, PhD, CEng, MBCS
W. Fawcett BSc, PhD, MIEE, CEng
Robert P. Fletcher BA, DPhil
William Freeman BSc, MBCS, MACM, MIEEE
A. M. Frieze BA, MSc, PhD
Paul E. Garner BSc
Edward L. Glaser AB, DrSc, FIEEE, MNAE
G. Hall BA, PhD
J. Hamilton-Fey CEng, MIMechE
C. J. Higley MA, PhD, CEng, MBCS
F. Robert A. Hopgood MA, Dr -IngEh, CEng, FBCS
Martin G. Hopkins BSc
John J. Illingworth BSc, MSc
Valerie Illingworth BSc, MPhil
Ken Jackson MSc, CEng, MBCS
Alistair Kelman BSc, AMBCS, Barrister at Law
P. J. H. King DSc, CEng, FBCS
P. R. Kirk BSc, MIEE, CEng
Mark H. Lee PhD, CEng, FIEEE, FRSA
Thaddeus Lipinski BSc
I. D. MacArthur CEng, MIMechE
Andrew D. McGettrick BSc, PhD, MBCS
G. P. McKeown BSc, PhD, AFIMA
J. Norbury BSc
Patrick Olivier BA, MA, CompDip, MBCS
John Prior HND
I. C. Pyle MA, PhD, FBCS, FIEEE, CEng
V. J. Rayward-Smith MA, PhD, AFIMA, MBCS
P. D. Roberts BA, MBCS, MACM, LIMA
G. J. S. Ross BA, DipMathStats, FSS
David Sayers BSc, MSc, PhD, GradIMA
Edel Sherratt BSc, PhD
V. Stenning BSc, DPhil, MBCS
J. V. Tucker BA, MSc, PhD
Colin J. Tully MA, FBCS
Raymond Turner BSc, PhD, MBCS
Margaret Tuthill BSc
Michael Wells MA, PhD, FBCS
Jack Williams BTech, DPhil
J. V. Woods MScTech, PhD, AMIEE
P. Worsdale BTech

The first edition of this dictionary was published in 1983 as a specialist reference work for computer professionals and for people interested in the underlying concepts and theories of computer science. Over successive editions, the work has been expanded and changed to reflect the technological and social changes that have occurred, especially the enormous growth in home computing and the Internet. In particular, the fourth edition ( 1996 ) included an additional 1700 entries catering for a wider readership. At the same time, the editors have retained the basic principles of the original book.

In the seventh edition of the dictionary we have followed the same line. The existing entries have been updated and over 120 new entries have been added. In particular, coverage of areas such as database management and social networking has been increased to reflect the growing importance of these areas. Some obsolete terms have been deleted, although some have been kept for their historical interest. Links to useful websites have been updated and more added. There are also six special feature spreads, giving information on selected topics.

JL

ASK

2015

Synonyms and generally used abbreviations are given either in brackets immediately after the relevant entry title, or occasionally in the text of the entry with some additional information or qualification.

A distinction is made between an acronym and an abbreviation: an acronym can be pronounced while an abbreviation cannot. The entry for an acronym usually appears at the acronym itself, whereas the entry for an abbreviation may appear either at the unabbreviated form or at the abbreviationdepending on which form is most commonly used. When a term is defined under an abbreviation, the entry for the unabbreviated form simply cross-refers the reader to the abbreviation.

Some terms listed in the dictionary are used both as nouns and verbs. This is usually indicated in the text of an entry if both forms are in common use. In many cases a noun is also used in an adjectival form to qualify another noun. This occurs too often to be noted.

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