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Kim Ghattas - Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Forty-Year Rivalry That Unraveled Culture, Religion, and Collective Memory in the Middle East

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    Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Forty-Year Rivalry That Unraveled Culture, Religion, and Collective Memory in the Middle East
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Black Wave: Saudi Arabia, Iran, and the Forty-Year Rivalry That Unraveled Culture, Religion, and Collective Memory in the Middle East: summary, description and annotation

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The bestselling author ofThe Secretary: A Journey with Hillary Clinton from Beirut to the Heart of American Powertells the gripping story of the real roots of the Middle East Sunni-Shia conflict in the 1979 Iran Revolution that changed the region forever.
Black Waveis a paradigm-shifting recasting of the modern history of the Middle East, telling the largely unexplored story of the rivalry between Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shia Iran--a rivalry born out of the sparks of the 1979 Iranian revolution--that has dramatically transformed the culture, identity, and collective memory of millions of Muslims over four decades. Like George Packer did inThe Unwinding, Kim Ghattas follows everyday citizens whose lives have been affected by the geopolitical drama, making her account both immediate and intimate.
Most Americans assume that extremism, Sunni-Shia antagonism, and anti-Americanism have always existed in the Middle East, but prior to 1979, Saudi Arabia and Iran were working allies. It was only after that year--a remarkable turning point--that Shia Iran and Sunni Saudi Arabia began to use religion as a tool in their competition for dominance in the region, igniting the culture wars that led to the 1991 American invasion of Iraq, the September 11th terrorist attacks, and the rise of ISIS.
Ghattas shows how Saudi Arabia and Iran went from allies against the threat of communism from Russia, with major roles in the US anti-Soviet strategy, to mortal enemies that use religious conservatism to incite division and unrest from Egypt to Pakistan.Black Wavewill significantly influence both perception of and conversation about the modern history of the Middle East.

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The author and publisher have provided this e-book to you for your personal use only. You may not make this e-book publicly available in any way. Copyright infringement is against the law. If you believe the copy of this e-book you are reading infringes on the authors copyright, please notify the publisher at: us.macmillanusa.com/piracy.

In memory of my father,

who told me so many stories about before.

Where they make a wasteland, they call it peace.

Agricola, Tacitus (Roman senator, d. AD 120)

I have used the most common spellings for well-known names and terms in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. In other cases, I have used my own transliterations. Translations of Arabic newspaper headlines and text as well as of some of the poetry are my own. Wherever similar concepts exist across the three cultures I cover, I have indicated their equivalent in Arabic.

For the concept of the Guardianship of the Jurist introduced by Khomeini, which is mentioned repeatedly, I have used the Arabic transliteration wilayat al-faqih (rather than the Persian velayat-e faqih) throughout the book to avoid confusion. In Arabic, both ibn and bin can be translated as son of. I have used both depending on the most common usage (Mohammad bin Salman versus Abdelaziz ibn Saud). The name Muhammad can also be transliterated as Mohammad and I have used both depending on the most widespread usage or the preference expressed by characters in the book. I have chosen to refer to many of the central characters by their first names to distinguish them from prominent or historical figures.

Lebanon

Hussein al-Husseini: Shia politician and speaker of parliament during the 1980s

Musa Sadr: Iranian Shia cleric, moved to Lebanon in 1959, disappeared in Libya in 1978

Hani Fahs: Shia cleric, lived in Iran 197986; supporter, then critic, of the revolution

Badia Fahs: daughter of Hani and journalist, lived in Iran as a student

Sobhi Tufayli: founding member of Hezbollah

Hassan Nasrallah: secretary-general of Hezbollah since 1992

Rafiq Hariri: billionaire politician and three-time prime minister, assassinated in 2005

Iran

Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: president 200513

Masih Alinejad: journalist and activist

Abolhassan Banisadr: leftist nationalist and first president after the revolution

Mehdi Bazergan: founding member of the Liberation Movement of Iran (LMI), first prime minister after the revolution

Mohammad Beheshti: loyal Khomeinist and founder of the Islamic Republican Party

Mostafa Chamran: key member of the LMI, first defense minister of revolutionary Iran

Sadegh Ghotbzadeh: key member of the LMI

Mohammad Khatami: president 19972005

Mohsen Sazegara: student activist with the LMI, founding member of Revolutionary Guards (IRGC)

Ebrahim Yazdi: key member of the LMI, first foreign minister after the revolution

Saudi Arabia

Sami Angawi: architect and founder of the Hajj Research Center

Abdelaziz bin Baz: powerful cleric, vice rector of Medina University in the 1960s, grand mufti of the kingdom 199399

Sofana Dahlan: lawyer and descendant of nineteenth-century mufti Ahmad ibn Zayni Dahlan

Turki al-Faisal: intelligence chief 19792001

Muhammad ibn Saud: founder of the Al-Saud dynasty in the eighteenth century

Muhammad ibn Abdelwahhab: ultra-fundamentalist orthodox preacher in the eighteenth century, ally of Muhammad ibn Saud

Mohammad bin Salman: crown prince since 2017 and defense minister since 2015, son of King Salman

Abdelaziz ibn Saud: founder of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled 193253

Faisal ibn Saud: third king of Saudi Arabia, assassinated 1975

Iraq

Saddam Hussein: president 19792003

Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim: Iranian ayatollah in exile in Iran 19802003, assassinated in Iraq in 2003

Atwar Bahjat: Iraqi journalist, assassinated 2006

Abdulmajid al-Khoei: Shia cleric, exiled in 1991, assassinated in 2003

Mohammad Taqi al-Khoei: Shia cleric, killed in 1994

Jawad al-Khoei: Shia cleric, son of Mohammad Taqi, exiled in 1991, returned to Iraq in 2010

Mohammad Baqer al-Sadr: ayatollah executed by Saddam in 1980, founder of Islamist Shia Dawa Party

Moqtada al-Sadr: cleric and founder of the Mahdi army

Syria

Hafez al-Assad: president 19702000

Bashar al-Assad: son of Hafez, president since 2000

Yassin al-Haj Saleh: student communist activist jailed in 1980, Syrias leading intellectual since 2000

Samira al-Khalil: activist and Yassins wife, kidnapped by militants in 2013

Said Hawwa: key ideologue of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood

Zahran Alloush: leader of Islamist rebel group Jaysh al-Islam, killed in 2015

Pakistan

Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto: prime minister 197377

Benazir Bhutto: daughter of Zulfiquar, prime minister 198890, 199396, assassinated 2007

Mehtab Channa Rashdi: television anchor

Faiz Ahmed Faiz: one of the most celebrated poets in the Urdu language

Arif Hussaini: Shia cleric, supporter of Khomeini

Zia ul-Haq: president 197888

Ehsan Elahi Zaheer: Sunni religious scholar, author of anti-Shia books

Egypt

Gamal Abdel Nasser: president 195470

Nasr Abu Zeid: secular professor of Arabic literature and Islamic studies

Farag Foda: secular intellectual, assassinated in 1992

Nageh Ibrahim: Islamist student activist, founding member of Gamaa Islamiyya

Hosni Mubarak: president 19812011

Ahmed Naji: journalist and novelist

Anwar Sadat: president of Egypt assassinated in 1981

Ebtehal Younes: professor of French literature and wife of Nasr Abu Zeid

Ayman al-Zawahiri: leader of Islamic Jihad in Egypt, number two in al-Qaeda

Others

Yasser Arafat: chairman, Palestinian Liberation Organization

Issam Berqawi, aka Abu Muhammad al-Maqdissi: Jordanian Salafist, mentor of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi

Muammar al-Gaddafi: ruler of Libya 19702011

What happened to us The question haunts us in the Arab and Muslim world We - photo 3

What happened to us? The question haunts us in the Arab and Muslim world. We repeat it like a mantra. You will hear it from Iran to Syria, from Saudi Arabia to Pakistan, and in my own country of Lebanon. For us, the past is a different country, one that is not mired in the horrors of sectarian killings; a more vibrant place, without the crushing intolerance of religious zealots and seemingly endless, amorphous wars. Though the past had coups and wars too, they were contained in time and space, and the future still held much promise. What happened to us? The question may not occur to those too young to remember a different world, or whose parents did not tell them of a youth spent reciting poetry in Peshawar, debating Marxism late into the night in the bars of Beirut, or riding bicycles to picnic on the banks of the Tigris River in Baghdad. The question may also surprise those in the West who assume that the extremism and the bloodletting of today were always the norm.

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