Kim Ghattas - Black Wave: The Saudi-Iran Wars on Religion and Culture that Destroyed the Middle East
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- Book:Black Wave: The Saudi-Iran Wars on Religion and Culture that Destroyed the Middle East
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Black Wave is a paradigm-shifting recasting of the modern history of the Middle East, telling the largely unexplored story of the rivalry between Sunni Saudi Arabia and Shia Irana rivalry born out of the sparks of the 1979 Iranian revolutionthat has dramatically transformed the culture, identity, and collective memory of millions of Muslims over four decades. Like George Packer did in The Unwinding, Kim Ghattas follows everyday citizens whose lives have been affected by the geopolitical drama, making her account both immediate and intimate.
Most Americans assume that extremism, Sunni-Shia antagonism, and anti-Americanism have always existed in the Middle East, but prior to 1979, Saudi Arabia and Iran were working allies. It was only after that yeara remarkable turning pointthat Shia Iran and Sunni Saudi Arabia began to use religion as a tool in their competition for dominance in the region, igniting the culture wars that led to the 1991 American invasion of Iraq, the September 11th terrorist attacks, and the rise of ISIS.
Ghattas shows how Saudi Arabia and Iran went from allies against the threat of communism from Russia, with major roles in the US anti-Soviet strategy, to mortal enemies that use religious conservatism to incite division and unrest from Egypt to Pakistan. Black Wave will significantly influence both perception of and conversation about the modern history of the Middle East.
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In memory of my father,
who told me so many stories about before.
Where they make a wasteland, they call it peace.
Agricola, Tacitus (Roman senator, d. AD 120)
I have used the most common spellings for well-known names and terms in Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. In other cases, I have used my own transliterations. Translations of Arabic newspaper headlines and text as well as of some of the poetry are my own. Wherever similar concepts exist across the three cultures I cover, I have indicated their equivalent in Arabic.
For the concept of the Guardianship of the Jurist introduced by Khomeini, which is mentioned repeatedly, I have used the Arabic transliteration wilayat al-faqih (rather than the Persian velayat-e faqih) throughout the book to avoid confusion. In Arabic, both ibn and bin can be translated as son of. I have used both depending on the most common usage (Mohammad bin Salman versus Abdelaziz ibn Saud). The name Muhammad can also be transliterated as Mohammad and I have used both depending on the most widespread usage or the preference expressed by characters in the book. I have chosen to refer to many of the central characters by their first names to distinguish them from prominent or historical figures.
Hussein al-Husseini: Shia politician and speaker of parliament during the 1980s
Musa Sadr: Iranian Shia cleric, moved to Lebanon in 1959, disappeared in Libya in 1978
Hani Fahs: Shia cleric, lived in Iran 197986; supporter, then critic, of the revolution
Badia Fahs: daughter of Hani and journalist, lived in Iran as a student
Sobhi Tufayli: founding member of Hezbollah
Hassan Nasrallah: secretary-general of Hezbollah since 1992
Rafiq Hariri: billionaire politician and three-time prime minister, assassinated in 2005
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad: president 200513
Masih Alinejad: journalist and activist
Abolhassan Banisadr: leftist nationalist and first president after the revolution
Mehdi Bazergan: founding member of the Liberation Movement of Iran (LMI), first prime minister after the revolution
Mohammad Beheshti: loyal Khomeinist and founder of the Islamic Republican Party
Mostafa Chamran: key member of the LMI, first defense minister of revolutionary Iran
Sadegh Ghotbzadeh: key member of the LMI
Mohammad Khatami: president 19972005
Mohsen Sazegara: student activist with the LMI, founding member of Revolutionary Guards (IRGC)
Ebrahim Yazdi: key member of the LMI, first foreign minister after the revolution
Sami Angawi: architect and founder of the Hajj Research Center
Abdelaziz bin Baz: powerful cleric, vice rector of Medina University in the 1960s, grand mufti of the kingdom 199399
Sofana Dahlan: lawyer and descendant of nineteenth-century mufti Ahmad ibn Zayni Dahlan
Turki al-Faisal: intelligence chief 19792001
Muhammad ibn Saud: founder of the Al-Saud dynasty in the eighteenth century
Muhammad ibn Abdelwahhab: ultra-fundamentalist orthodox preacher in the eighteenth century, ally of Muhammad ibn Saud
Mohammad bin Salman: crown prince since 2017 and defense minister since 2015, son of King Salman
Abdelaziz ibn Saud: founder of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, ruled 193253
Faisal ibn Saud: third king of Saudi Arabia, assassinated 1975
Saddam Hussein: president 19792003
Mohammad Baqer al-Hakim: Iranian ayatollah in exile in Iran 19802003, assassinated in Iraq in 2003
Atwar Bahjat: Iraqi journalist, assassinated 2006
Abdulmajid al-Khoei: Shia cleric, exiled in 1991, assassinated in 2003
Mohammad Taqi al-Khoei: Shia cleric, killed in 1994
Jawad al-Khoei: Shia cleric, son of Mohammad Taqi, exiled in 1991, returned to Iraq in 2010
Mohammad Baqer al-Sadr: ayatollah executed by Saddam in 1980, founder of Islamist Shia Dawa Party
Moqtada al-Sadr: cleric and founder of the Mahdi army
Hafez al-Assad: president 19702000
Bashar al-Assad: son of Hafez, president since 2000
Yassin al-Haj Saleh: student communist activist jailed in 1980, Syrias leading intellectual since 2000
Samira al-Khalil: activist and Yassins wife, kidnapped by militants in 2013
Said Hawwa: key ideologue of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood
Zahran Alloush: leader of Islamist rebel group Jaysh al-Islam, killed in 2015
Zulfiquar Ali Bhutto: prime minister 197377
Benazir Bhutto: daughter of Zulfiquar, prime minister 198890, 199396, assassinated 2007
Mehtab Channa Rashdi: television anchor
Faiz Ahmed Faiz: one of the most celebrated poets in the Urdu language
Arif Hussaini: Shia cleric, supporter of Khomeini
Zia ul-Haq: president 197888
Ehsan Elahi Zaheer: Sunni religious scholar, author of anti-Shia books
Gamal Abdel Nasser: president 195470
Nasr Abu Zeid: secular professor of Arabic literature and Islamic studies
Farag Foda: secular intellectual, assassinated in 1992
Nageh Ibrahim: Islamist student activist, founding member of Gamaa Islamiyya
Hosni Mubarak: president 19812011
Ahmed Naji: journalist and novelist
Anwar Sadat: president of Egypt assassinated in 1981
Ebtehal Younes: professor of French literature and wife of Nasr Abu Zeid
Ayman al-Zawahiri: leader of Islamic Jihad in Egypt, number two in al-Qaeda
Yasser Arafat: chairman, Palestinian Liberation Organization
Issam Berqawi, aka Abu Muhammad al-Maqdissi: Jordanian Salafist, mentor of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi
Muammar al-Gaddafi: ruler of Libya 19702011
What happened to us? The question haunts us in the Arab and Muslim world. We repeat it like a mantra. You will hear it from Iran to Syria, from Saudi Arabia to Pakistan, and in my own country of Lebanon. For us, the past is a different country, one that is not mired in the horrors of sectarian killings; a more vibrant place, without the crushing intolerance of religious zealots and seemingly endless, amorphous wars. Though the past had coups and wars too, they were contained in time and space, and the future still held much promise. What happened to us? The question may not occur to those too young to remember a different world, or whose parents did not tell them of a youth spent reciting poetry in Peshawar, debating Marxism late into the night in the bars of Beirut, or riding bicycles to picnic on the banks of the Tigris River in Baghdad. The question may also surprise those in the West who assume that the extremism and the bloodletting of today were always the norm.
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