Gene D. Phillips - Exiles in Hollywood: major European film directors in America
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Exiles in Hollywood: major European film directors in America
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This book deals with five European film directors - Fritz Lang, William Wyler, Billy Wilder, Otto Preminger, and Fred Zinnemann - who were forced into exile in the wake of the rise of Hitler, and who subsequently enriched the American motion picture industry with a reservoir of new talent that had been nurtured in Europe. Of the many European moviemakers who suggested themselves, the author has chosen those who have made enduring works that still appeal to filmgoers today, as attested by their availability on television and on videocassette.--BOOK JACKET. The author conducted personal interviews with and corresponded with all five directors featured in this book, lending a first-hand dimension and increasing the books merits as a work of original scholarship.--BOOK JACKET.
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Exiles in Hollywood : Major European Film Directors in America
author
:
Phillips, Gene D.
publisher
:
Lehigh University Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0934223491
print isbn13
:
9780934223492
ebook isbn13
:
9780585188966
language
:
English
subject
Motion picture producers and directors--United States--Biography, Germans--California--Los Angeles--Biography, Immigrants--California--Los Angeles--Biography.
publication date
:
1998
lcc
:
PN1998.2.P54 1998eb
ddc
:
791.43/0233/092273
subject
:
Motion picture producers and directors--United States--Biography, Germans--California--Los Angeles--Biography, Immigrants--California--Los Angeles--Biography.
Page 5
Exiles in Hollywood
Major European Film Directors in America
Gene D. Phillips
Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press London: Associated University Presses
Page 6
1998 by Associated University Presses, Inc.
All rights reserved. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specific clients, is granted by the copyright owner, provided that a base fee of $10.00, plus eight cents per page, per copy is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, Massachusetts 01923.
[0-934223-49-1/98 $10.00+8 pp, pc.]
Associated University Presses 440 Forsgate Drive Cranbury, NJ 08512
Associated University Presses 16 Barter Street London WC1A 2AH, England
Associated University Presses P.O. Box 338, Port Credit Mississauga, Ontario Canada L5G 4L8
The paper used in this publication meets the requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials Z39.48-1984.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Phillips, Gene D. Exiles in Hollywood: major European film directors in America / Gene D. Phillips. p. cm. Filmography: p. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-934223-49-1 (alk. paper) 1. Motion picture producers and directors-United States- Biography. 2. Germans-California-Los Angeles-Biography. 3. Immigrants-California-Los Angeles-Biography. I. Title. PN1998.2.P54 1998 791.43'0233'092273-dc21 [B] 97-41009 CIP
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Page 7
For Joseph Losey Another artist in exile
Page 9
Contents
Acknowledgments
9
1. Prologue: The Promised Land: European Filmmakers in Hollywood
13
2. Fritz Lang: Nightmares at Noon
20
3. William Wyler: A Touch of Class
59
4. Otto Preminger: The Undefeated
101
5. Fred Zinnemann: The Vanishing Hero
139
6. Billy Wilder: The Beautiful and the Damned
177
7. Epilogue: Exiles in Eden: Mature Moviemakers
218
Notes
221
Bibliography
235
Filmography
245
Index
249
Page 11
Acknowledgments
First of all, I am most grateful to the filmmakers who cooperated with me in preparing this book, thereby helping me to interpret their work more accurately. I conducted personal interviews with Fritz Lang, William Wyler, and Billy Wilder in Hollywood; with Otto Preminger in New York; and with Fred Zinnemann in London. I also interviewed German filmmaker Lothar Wolff about his association with Fritz Lang; playwright-screenwriter Mart Crowley about the portrayal of homosexuality in Wyler's Children's Hour; producer Bryan Foy, novelist Nelson Algren, and novelist-screenwriter Graham Greene about their association with Otto Preminger; director Howard Hawks about his reaction to Fred Zinnemann's High Noon; and Fred MacMurray about working with Billy Wilder.
Of the many others who helped me, I would also like to mention the following: the staff of the Motion Picture Section of the Library of Congress and the staff of the Film Study Center of the Museum of Modern Art for the use of their research facilities. Research materials were also obtained from the Paramount Collection at the Margaret Herrick Library of the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and Sciences in Los Angeles; from William K. Everson of New York University; and Rev. Matthew Creighton, S.J., of Loyola University of Chicago.
Some material in this book appeared in a completely different form in the following publications: "Billy Wilder: An Interview," Literature/ Film Quarterly 4, no. 1 (Winter, 1976), 2-12, copyright 1976 by Salisbury State University; "Fred Zinnemann," in Major Film Directors of the American and British Cinema, (Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, 1990), 109-24, copyright 1990 by Associated University Presses. This material is used with permission.
Page 13
1 Prologue: The Promised Land: European Filmmakers in Hollywood
It might be said that Hollywood's most generous benefactor was Adolf Hitler," film historian Tony Thomas has written. "The Nazi regime forced numerous... directors to find their way to California."1 When Hitler came to power in 1933, he "put into action policies of extreme nationalism. As a scapegoat for Germany's political, military, and economic troubles of the previous fifteen years, Hitler targeted Jews," Giannetti and Eyman point out. "After May, 1933, when he became chancellor, prescient Jewish Germans began packing their bags, for under the Nazis no Jew could be employed in any branch of the film industry."2 As a matter of fact, many European filmmakers were forced to flee their homelands in the wake of the rise of Hitler; they subsequently enriched the American motion picture industry with a reservoir of new talent that had been nurtured in Europe.
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