Richard Girling - The Longest Story: How humans have loved, hated and misunderstood other species

We will walk together for an awfully long time. Man and beast. Them and us. Best friend, worst enemy. The hunter and the hunted.

In the beginning we are inseparable. We are them, they are us; all slime from the same swamp. It will take hundreds of millions of years for anyone to understand what is now happening: organisms dividing, crystallising into species, crawling towards the random moment that we will call the Creation. Relationships develop that are variously symbiotic, parasitic or murderous. Nothing stays the same. Everything is changing into something else, sprouting fins, wings, scales and fur to prepare each one for its niche. Legs appear. Small, weasel-like animals grow and stretch, and go on stretching until they can reach up into trees. They live in the forest, where their long arms and short legs are perfect for swinging through the branches and picking fruit. We are still with them, in them, alive but unborn. We travel with them when they move from the forest on to the plain, and stay with them as they begin to change their posture and their shape. Arms shorten, legs lengthen, necks stretch. Upright, on two feet, we walk until we are them no more.

For a while we lead parallel lives, us and all the others. We gather from the same plains and forests, eat the same fruit, run from the same predators. Time passes, lots of time, perhaps a millennium or two, and we have learned to make tools out of stone. It means we can kill things and eat meat. We grow stronger, more intelligent, and see our intelligence as a mark of our superiority over all other living things. It is how we are. It is how we are meant to be. Supreme.

More centuries go by, and now we are in the north, fighting the cold in central Europe. Hunting and gathering have a different rhythm here. We do not decide what we will eat: we take only what is offered. For it is not just the ice that has to be endured. Hunger, too, is an insatiable taker of life. There is no green abundance to be gathered. Even reindeer find it hard to stay alive when scraps of grass and lichen are all that winter provides. What saves us is our brains. Our heads have swollen with the growing weight of them, and we have learned to use them well. We think. We reason. We understand that actions have consequences. We know that if we steal from another person, then he will steal from us, and that he will kill us if he has to. We know also that if we give to that person, then he will give to us in return. More than this. We know that if we hunt together, we will have more to eat than if we hunt alone. Our tools and weapons are sharper now, which makes us better hunters, and the meat makes our bones and brains even stronger. We do not submit to fate. If the ice swallows our land, then we migrate like reindeer towards the sun.

Always, we hunt. We share our hunting grounds with wolves, and we can see how alike we are. Like us, they follow a leader and work in packs to kill animals bigger than themselves. Like us, they kill only what they need, share it among themselves and feed their young. But our brains are bigger than theirs. We understand them in ways they do not understand us. We know how important it is not to waste anything. We have found good uses for skins and horns and sinews as well as meat. Because we live in this way, because we have reasoned , we know there will always be enough animals left for us to hunt, and that their fur will keep us warm.