Jacob Burckhardt - The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy

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Some typographical errors have been corrected; . . (etext transcriber's note)

THE
CIVILISATION OF THE
RENAISSANCE
IN ITALY

By
JACOB BURCKHARDT
AUTHORISED TRANSLATION BY
S. G. C. MIDDLEMORE
LONDON: GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN LTD.
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

PREFACE.

DR. Burckhardts work on the Renaissance in Italy is too well known, not only to students of the period, but now to a wider circle of readers, for any introduction to be necessary. The increased interest which has of late years, in England, been taken in this and kindred subjects, and the welcome which has been given to the works of other writers upon them, encourage me to hope that in publishing this translation I am meeting a want felt by some who are either unable to read German at all, or to whom an English version will save a good deal of time and trouble.

The translation is made from the third edition of the original, recently published in Germany, with slight additions to the text, and large additions to the notes, by Dr. Ludwig Geiger , of Berlin. It also contains some fresh matter communicated by Dr. Burckhardt to Professor Diego Valbusa of Mantua, the Italian translator of the book. To all three gentlemen my thanks are due for courtesy shown, or help given to me in the course of my work.

In a few cases, where Dr. Geigers view differs from that taken by Dr. Burckhardt , I have called attention to the fact by bracketing Dr. Geigers opinion and adding his initials.

THE TRANSLATOR.

CONTENTS.

PART I. THE STATE AS A WORK OF ART
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION.
PAGE
Political condition of Italy in the thirteenth century
The Norman State under Frederick II.
Ezzelino da Romano
CHAPTER II. THE TYRANNY OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY.
Finance and its relation to culture
The ideal of the absolute ruler
Inward and outward dangers
Florentine estimate of the tyrants
The Visconti
CHAPTER III. THE TYRANNY OF THE FIFTEENTH CENTURY.
Intervention and visits of the emperors
Want of a fixed law of succession. Illegitimacy
Founding of States by Condottieri
Relations of Condottieri to their employers
The family of Sforza
Giacomo Piccinino
Later attempts of the Condottieri
CHAPTER IV. THE PETTY TYRANNIES.
The Baglioni of Perugia
Massacre in the year 1500
Malatesta, Pico, and Petrucci
CHAPTER V. THE GREATER DYNASTIES.
The Aragonese at Naples
The last Visconti at Milan
Francesco Sforza and his luck
Galeazzo Maria and Ludovic Moro
The Gonzaga at Mantua
Federigo da Montefeltro, Duke of Urbino
The Este at Ferrara
CHAPTER VI. THE OPPONENTS OF TYRANNY.
The later Guelphs and Ghibellines
The conspirators
Murders in church
Influence of ancient tyrannicide
Catiline as an ideal
Florentine view of tyrannicide
The people and tyrannicide
CHAPTER VII. THE REPUBLICS: VENICE AND FLORENCE.
Venice in the fifteenth century
The inhabitants
Dangers from the poor nobility
Causes of the stability of Venice
The Council of Ten and political trials
Relations with the Condottieri
Optimism of Venetian foreign policy
Venice as the home of statistics
Retardation of the Renaissance
Medival devotion to reliques
Florence from the fourteenth century
Objectivity of political intelligence
Dante as a politician
Florence as the home of statistics: the two Villanis
Higher form of statistics
Florentine constitutions and the historians
Fundamental vice of the State
Political theorists
Macchiavelli and his views
Siena and Genoa
CHAPTER VIII. FOREIGN POLICY OF THE ITALIAN STATES.
Envy felt towards Venice
Relations to other countries: sympathy with France
Plan for a balance of power
Foreign intervention and conquests
Alliances with the Turks
Counter-influence of Spain
Objective treatment of politics
Art of diplomacy
CHAPTER IX. WAR AS A WORK OF ART.
Firearms
Professional warriors and dilettanti
Horrors of war
CHAPTER X. THE PAPACY AND ITS DANGERS.
Relation of the Papacy to Italy and foreign countries
Disturbances in Rome from the time of Nicholas V.
Sixtus IV. master of Rome
States of the Nipoti in Romagna
Cardinals belonging to princely houses
Innocent VIII. and his son
Alexander VI. as a Spaniard
Relations with foreign countries
Simony
Csar Borgia and his relations to his father
Csars plans and acts
Julius II. as Saviour of the Papacy
Leo X. His relations with other States
Adrian VI.
Clement VII. and the sack of Rome
Reaction consequent on the latter
The Papacy of the Counter-Reformation
Conclusion. The Italian patriots
PART II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
CHAPTER I. THE ITALIAN STATE AND THE INDIVIDUAL.
The medival man
The awakening of personality
The despot and his subjects
Individualism in the Republics
Exile and cosmopolitanism
CHAPTER II. THE PERFECTING OF THE INDIVIDUAL.
The many-sided men
The universal men
CHAPTER III. THE MODERN IDEA OF FAME.
Dantes feeling about fame
The celebrity of the Humanists: Petrarch
Cultus of birthplace and graves
Cultus of the famous men of antiquity
Literature of local fame: Padua
Literature of universal fame
Fame given or refused by the writers
Morbid passion for fame
CHAPTER IV. MODERN WIT AND SATIRE.
Its connection with individualism
Florentine wit: the novel
Jesters and buffoons
Leo X. and his witticisms
Poetical parodies
Theory of wit
Railing and reviling
Adrian VI. as scapegoat
Pietro Aretino
PART III. THE REVIVAL OF ANTIQUITY.
CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
Widened application of the word Renaissance
Antiquity in the Middle Ages

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