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Lucette Valensi - Jewish Memories

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Collective memory: a living, breathing gift from the past, less fragmentary than the recollections of any one individual, more personal by far than history. The authors of Jewish Memories saw in the large numbers of Jews who migrated to France during the twentieth century the chance to retrieve a past that might otherwise be lost forever. Through dozens of interviews, they listened to men and women talking of their lives and the places they came from, and found an almost uncanny resonance of individual voices with one another. Individual memories became part of a shared memory, projecting major themes of the Jewish tradition--exile and the sense of loss, the duty to remember, and the transmission of Jewish experience to the next generations.H?l?ne H. tells of dropping the all-important family teakettle during a terrified race to escape skirmishing soldiers. Charles H. talks about the innocent love he shared with a non-Jewish girl who studied with him. Anna D. describes her wordless reunion with her wounded husband after World War II. From communities now disappeared, scenes of home and family life, occupations, happy times and holidays reinforce one another, and we can feel the painful nostalgia for a kind of existence no longer possible.Two distinct but parallel sets of memories run through the narrative, that of Sephardi and that of Ashkenazi Jews, all of whom found their way to France. They arrived from Tunisia, Turkey, Poland, and Russia, from poor and well-to-do families, almost always driven from their homes by difficult circumstances, often with their most recent memories filled with horror and tragedy. The desire to remember it all and to pass it on to others who will also remember shines from every page, and makes this book as memorable for general readers as it is valuable for anthropologists, sociologists, and historians.

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Page iii
Jewish Memories
Lucette Valensi
and Nathan Wachtel
translated from the French
by Barbara Harshav
Jewish Memories - image 2
Page iv
from the Collection Archives
edited by Pierre Nora
and Jacques Revel
University of California Press
Berkeley and Los Angeles, California
University of California Press
Oxford, England
Published in French under the title Memoires Juives
Editions Gallimard-Julliard, 1986
Copyright 1991 by The Regents of the University of California
Valensi, Lucette.
[Mmoires juives. English]
Jewish memories / Lucette Valensi and
Nathan Wachtel; translated from the
French by Barbara Harshav.
p. cm.
Contents: Translation of: Mmoires juives.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-520-06637-5
1. JewsFranceBiography. 2. Holocaust,
Jewish (19391945)FrancePersonal narratives.
3. ImmigrantsFranceBiography. 4. Oral
history. I. Wachtel, Nathan. II. Title.
DS135.F89V3413 1900
909'.04924082'0922dc20
[B]
90-11183
CIP
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information SciencesPermanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI Z39.481984
Picture 3
Page v
CONTENTS
Listen...
1
Cast of Characters
9
Part One
The World of Yesterday
1
From Salonika to Sefrou
23
2
Between the Oder and the Dniepr
69
3
Happy Holidays, Family Feuds
103
Part Two
Passengers in Transit
4
Internal Migrations
123
5
Metamorphoses
143

Page vi
6
Wanderings
170
Part Three
The Others
7
Around the Mediterranean
215
8
In Europe
243
Part Four
Exile and Mourning
9
A New Diaspora
263
10
Genocide
291
Remember
345

Page 1
LISTEN...
At the end of the 1970s, the authors undertook to interview and collect the life stories of Jews living in France but born in other distant lands. "Your history is important," we told them. "The society you belonged to no longer exists. It passed away without leaving any archives and you were witness to an eventful period. Tell us about it."
In the following pages we will hear these voices. They come to us from Paris and its suburbs, from Strasbourg or Clermont-Ferrand. These are the voices of average, ordinary people. One woman was a seamstress, another a cleaning lady, several simply spent their lives taking care of their families. There were businessmenone was also a poet and art collectorand physicians, a bookkeeper, a watchmaker, some leatherworkers, and several tailors. Some were rich people who frequented casinos and spas, well-read people who spoke like books, and some were poor people who never learned how to read.
These voices come from far away,1 for all these people spent their childhood, their youth, and sometimes most of their adult life thousands of miles away, in such cities as Alexandria in Egypt, Casablanca in Morocco, Kalisz in Poland, or Berlin in Germany. Two thirds of the people we interviewed were born between the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of World War I; most of the remaining were born in the inter-
Picture 4Picture 5
1. Philippe Joutard, Ces voix qui viennent du pass (Paris: Hachette, 1983).
Page 2
war period. All are Jewish, each in his or her own way, and for that reason, had to leave their homeland.
The fifty or so biographies reported in this book do not form a statistical sample of the Jewish population living in France. More than five hundred thousand people of various conditions constitute the Jewish community in France today. They come from communities that were in turn diverse and counted several million people before the second war. Needless to say, it would have been impossible to provide any statistical sample of such a population.
Nor do these fifty or so biographies constitute all the narrative we recorded. For when the time came to write down the stories we were told, a kind of dialogue emerged between characters who had never met one another. Without knowing it, our interlocutors broached subjects that another had raised, they responded to one another, and echoed one another. All we had to do was to orchestrate that chorus, giving up a number of biographies we had collected, and cutting large fragments of those we retained.
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