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Pearson - Red Sky in the Morning : the Battle of the Barants Sea 1942

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Pearson Red Sky in the Morning : the Battle of the Barants Sea 1942
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Red Sky in the Morning : the Battle of the Barants Sea 1942: summary, description and annotation

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The Arctic convoys that sailed through the cold malevolent waters of the Barents Sea ran the gauntlet of German air and sea attacks as they struggled to transport vital supplies to Britains Russian allies.
Convoy JW51B sailed in December 1942 with a small close escort of five destroyers, plus a reserve of two light cruisers, which shadowed the main convoy at a distance of seventy miles. The convoy was attacked on 31 December by a powerful German force that included the heavy cruiser Admiral Hipper, the pocket battleship Ltzow and six destroyers. The ensuing engagement proved the worth of the British destroyers and the bravery of the men who sailed in them.
It was a naval engagement that had far-reaching consequences and resulted in many capital ships of the Kriegsmarine being decommissioned for the rest of World War II.
A gripping tale of the war at sea under the direst of conditions

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Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to extend my sincere - photo 1
Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the following persons and organisations without whom this book would not have been possible. I would particularly like to thank the veterans, British and German, who contributed their recollections and expertise with such unfailing enthusiasm and good humour.

Mr Smith Belford

Bundesarchiv, Koblenz (Researcher Dr Ekkehart Guth)

Lieutenant-Commander J.P. Donovan

Radio Mate and Guard Commander Johann Hengel

Captain Michael Hutton

Imperial War Museum, London

Mrs Pamela Marchant, for permission to use the taped interview with Lieutenant-Commander T.J. Marchant

Commander Loftus Peyton-Jones

Public Records Office, London

Mrs Helen Rhead, for permission to use the memoir of Lieutenant-Commander Eric Rhead

Control Telephone Officer for Heavy Artillery Josef Schmitz

Lieutenant-Commander A.W. Twiddy

Leading Stoker Walter Watkin

I would also like to express my appreciation to Mike Taylor, my good friend and fellow history buff, for his invaluable help in checking the drafts and proofs.

Mike Pearson

APPENDIX I
OUTLINE DETAILS OF GERMAN WARSHIPS WITH NOTES ON DEVELOPMENT AND WARTIME CAREERS

Heavy Cruiser Admiral Hipper
Vice-Admiral Oskar Kummetzs Flagship for the
Battle of the Barents Sea
Outline Specification

Built:Blohm & Voss Shipyard, Hamburg
Laid down 1935
Completed 29 April, 1939
Dimensions:639 ft 9 in (195 m) 69 ft 9 in (21.26 m) 15 ft 6 in (4.72 m) draught
Displacement:Nominally 10,000 tons (10,160 tonnes), standard. Actual displacement closer to 14,900 tonnes
Main Armament:8 8 in (203 mm) in four twin turrets
Anti-aircraft Armament:12 4.1 in (104 mm)
12 1.46 in (37 mm)
Also a number of 2 cm light a/a guns
Torpedo Tubes:12 21 in (533 mm) in four triple units situated on main deck, 2 abaft bridge, 2 abaft mainmast
Aircraft:4. Hangar placed between funnel and mainmast 1 catapult
Machinery:3 sets geared turbines (plus diesels for cruising), to 3 propeller shafts. High-pressure La Mont boilers Maximum 80,000 SHP, giving 32 knots
Mines:Mine-laying capability, for which track was kept onboard
Complement:830
Admiral Hipper Reproduced with permission from Janes Information Group - photo 2

Admiral Hipper ( Reproduced with permission from Janes Information Group )

Pocket Battleship Ltzow (ex Deutschland )
Outline Specification

Ltzow Reproduced with permission from Janes Information Group Built - photo 3

Ltzow ( Reproduced with permission from Janes Information Group )

Built:Deutsche Werke
Laid down 5 February 1929
Completed 12 November 1934
Dimensions:609 ft 3 in (185.7 m) 67 ft 6 in (20.57 m) 21 ft 8 in (6.63 m) draught
Displacement:Nominally 10,000 tons (10,160 tonnes), but probably over 12,000 tons (12,192 tonnes)
Main Armament:6 11 in (279 mm) in two triple turrets
New Krupp model firing a 670 lb (304 kg) shell
Maximum range 30,000 yards (27,432 m)
Maximum elevation 45
Secondary Armament:8 5.9 in (146 mm), in single turrets
Anti-aircraft Armament:6 4.1 in (104 mm)
8 37 mm
10 machine-guns
Torpedo Tubes:8 21 in (533 mm) in two quadruple units aft
Aircraft:2 (1 catapult)
Machinery:8 2 stroke double-acting diesels ( compressorless), geared to 2 propeller shafts
Maximum total 54,000 BHP
Maximum speed 26 knots
Maximum cruising range at 15 knots 20,000 nautical miles, or 10,000 nautical miles even at high speed
Complement:926
Note:Electrically welded hull used for the first time in a ship of this size

Maasz class destroyer Friedrich Eckholdt
(sister vessels Richard Beitzen & Theodor Riedel)
Outline Specification

Built:Blohm & Voss, 1937
Richard Beitzen Deutsche Werke, 1935
Theodor Riedel Germania, 1936
Dimensions:374 ft 0 in (114 m) 37 ft 0 in (11.28 m) 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m)
Displacement:1625 tons (1651 tonnes), standard
Main Armament:5 5 in (127 mm), in five single turrets
Anti-aircraft Armament:4 37 mm
4 20 mm
Torpedo Tubes:8 21 in (533 mm) in two quadruple units
Anti-submarine Armament:Depth charges
Machinery:Geared turbines. High-pressure water tube boilers
Maximum 50,000 SHP, giving 36 knots
Complement:283

Type 1936A (Mob) Narvik class destroyers
Z29 , Z30 , Z31

Built:1941/42
Dimensions:410 ft 0 in (125 m) 39 ft 4 in (12 m) 9 ft 6 in (2.90 m)
Displacement:2603 tons (2645 tonnes)
Main Armament:5 5.9 in (146 mm), in one twin and three single turrets. Some (e.g. Z30 ) fitted with a lighter single turret forward to improve seagoing characteristics
Anti-aircraft Armament:4 37 mm
4 20 mm
Torpedo Tubes:8 21 in (533 mm) in two quadruple units
Machinery:Geared turbines. Designed 55,000 SHP giving 36 knots

Articles 181 and 190 of the Treaty of Versailles severely limited post-First World War development of the German navy, a central provision restricting German battleships to a maximum 10,000 tons displacement, whereas the Washington Naval Agreement of 1922 restricted the size of battleships of the major naval powers (Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States) to 35,000 tons. As the time for replacing the older battleships Germany had been allowed to keep in 1918 approached, the problem greatly exercised the planners and architects of the German navy. The solution arrived at proved to be unique and in many ways revolutionary the aptly nicknamed pocket battleship. The basic premise was actually quite simple to build a vessel fast enough to outrun more heavily armed enemy battleships, yet with sufficiently powerful main armament to outgun enemy heavy cruisers which had a faster turn of speed.

The first of this new class of vessel, the Deutschland , caused quite a stir in naval circles (see outline specification). Her combination of range, speed, and firepower made an ideal commerce raider, and commerce raiding, it was decided, would be the main aim of the German navy in any future conflict with Great Britain. Two sister vessels followed the Deutschland , the Admiral Scheer , one of the most successful German surface raiders of the Second World War, and probably the most familiar of the three, Admiral Graf Spee .

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