Lawrence P. Scott - Double V: The Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen
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Double V: The Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen
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Double V : The Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen
author
:
Scott, Lawrence P.; Womack, William M.
publisher
:
Michigan State University Press
isbn10 | asin
:
0870135023
print isbn13
:
9780870135026
ebook isbn13
:
9780585278001
language
:
English
subject
United States.--Air Force--African Americans--History, Air pilots, Military--United States--History, World War, 1939-1945--Participation, African American, World War, 1914-1918--Participation, African American, African Americans--Civil rights.
publication date
:
1998
lcc
:
UG834.A37S36 1998eb
ddc
:
940.54/4973
subject
:
United States.--Air Force--African Americans--History, Air pilots, Military--United States--History, World War, 1939-1945--Participation, African American, World War, 1914-1918--Participation, African American, African Americans--Civil rights.
Page iii
Double V
The Civil Rights Struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen
Lawrence P. Scott William M. Womack Sr.
Michigan State University Press East Lansing
Page iv
Copyright 1992 and 1994 Lawrence P. Scott and William M. Womack Sr. Paperback edition 1998
All Michigan State University Press books are produced on paper which meets the requirements of American National Standard of Information SciencesPermanence of paper for printed materials ANSI Z39.48-1984.
Michigan State University Press East Lansing, Michigan 48823-5202
02 0100 99 98 1 2 3 4 5
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Scott, Lawrence P. Double V : the civil rights struggle of the Tuskegee Airmen / Lawrence P. Scott, William M. Womack, Sr. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-87013-502-3 1. United States. Air ForceAfro-AmericansHistory. 2. Air pilots, MilitaryUnited StatesHistory. 3. World War, 1939-1945Participation, Afro-American. 4. World War, 1914-1918Participation, Afro-American. 5. Afro-AmericansCivil rights. I. Womack, William M., 1916- . II. Title. UG834.A37S36 1994 940.54'4973dc20 94-20704 CIP
Photographs reproduced in this book courtesy of the Tuskegee Airmen Museum, Detroit, Michigan.
Page v
Dedicated to the Memory of Freddie Hutchins Cornelius Coffey
Page vii
Contents
Foreword
xi
Introduction
1
1. By Any Means Necessary
5
2. Phoenix
25
3. Giant Steps
35
4. The Movement
61
5. The Negro Aviator and the Military
77
6. America Prepares for War: African Americans Not Wanted
107
7. The Experiment: The "Smoke Screen"
147
8. War on Two Fronts
185
9. Beyond the Call of Duty
263
10. Epilogue: Before the Brown Decision
271
Bibliography
293
Index
303
Page ix
Acknowledgments
We wish to extend our appreciation to the following for sharing their time, hearts, expertise, knowledge, and resources
C. Alfred Anderson Theodore Berry Omar P. Blair Willa Brown-Chapell Broadus Butler Gilbert Cargill Herbert Carter Cornelius Coffey Woodrow Crockett Lemuel Custis Ret. Gen. Benjamin O. Davis Jr. Walter Downs Charles Dryden Leroy Gillead William Holliman Robert Hodge Harold Hurd Fred Hutchins Clarence Jamison Alexander Jefferson Elmore Kennedy Phillip Lee Nancy Leftenant-Colon Rufus Mitchell
Page x
Ira O'Neal Robert Pitts Wardell Polk E. E. Richardson Edith Roberts John W. Rogers Harry Shepherd Harry Stewart Roger Terry Ret. Gen. Lucien Theus William Thompson Jenny Washington Spann Watson John Whitehead
Special thanks to:
Angela Scott Dorothy Scott Shirley Pyke Barbara McCauley Laurel Malson Norbert Phillips At Cole Richard Macon Tuskegee Airmen Inc., Detroit Chapter Tuskegee Airmen Inc. Rufus Davenport Jr.
Page xi
Foreword
These are the Brave These men who cast aside Old memories, to walk the blood-stained pave Of sacrifice, joining the solemn ride That moves away, to suffer and die For freedomwhen their own is denied! Roscoe Jamison As quoted in Dusk of Dawn by W.E.B. DuBois, 1940
Although the subject of this poem was the African-American soldier in World War I, its relevance rings true for the African-American soldier who, in World War II, risked his life fighting in foreign lands for the freedom of others while democracy escaped him in the land of his birth.
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