Jill Jonnes - Conquering Gotham: Building Penn Station and Its Tunnels
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Empires of Light: Edison, Tesla, Westinghouse
and the Race to Electrify the World
South Bronx Rising: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of
an American City
Hep-Cats, Narcs, and Pipe Dreams: A History of
Americas Romance with Illegal Drugs
A GILDED AGE EPIC:
THE CONSTRUCTION OF
PENN STATION AND ITS TUNNELS
VIKING
VIKING
Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, U.S.A. Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario M4P 2Y3 (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St. Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Books Australia Ltd, 250 Camberwell Road, Camberwell, Victoria 3124, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Books India Pvt Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi110 017, India Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Mairangi Bay, Auckland 1311, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Books (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, 24 Sturdee Avenue, Rosebank, Johannesburg 2196, South Africa
Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England
First published in 2007 by Viking Penguin, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc.
Copyright Jill Jonnes, 2007
All rights reserved
Illustration credits appears at the end of this book.
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Jonnes, Jill
Conquering Gotham: a Gilded Age epic: the construction of Penn Station and its tunnels / Jill Jonnes.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
p. cm.
ISBN: 978-1-1012-1889-1
1. Pennsylvania Station (New York, N.Y.)History20th century. 2. Tunneling New York (State)New YorkHistory2oth century. 3. Railroad stationsNew York (State)New YorkHistory20th century. 4. Historic buildingsNew York (State)
New YorkHistory20th century. I. Title.
TF302.N7J66 2006
385.3'14097471dc22 2006050171
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book.
The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrightable materials. Your support of the authors rights is appreciated.
For John Ross, Clare Romano Ross,
and Tim Ross
Rich, hemmd thick all round with sailships and steamships, an island sixteen miles long, solid-founded
The countless masts, the white shore-steamers, the lighters, the ferry-boats, the black sea-steamers, well-modeld
The down-town streets, the jobbers houses of business, the houses of business of the ship-merchants and money-brokers, the river-streets
City of hurried and sparkling waters! City of spires and masts!
City nestled in bays! My city!
Walt Whitman, Mannahatta, 1881
Busy maritime traffic on the North River in 1898.
West Street in Manhattan.
An 1880 illustration of Haskinss tunnel project.
Alexander J. Cassatt as a young man.
Thomas A. Scott, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 18741880.
The torched Pittsburgh PRR yards after the 1877 Railroad Riot.
Alexander Cassatt riding at Cheswold.
The PRRs Philadelphia Broad Street Station.
PRR President Frank Thomson, 18971899.
Samuel Rea as a young PRR employee.
George B. Roberts, president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, 18801897.
Ferryboat plying the North River.
Gustav Lindenthals North River Bridge design in 1890.
The Gare du Quai dOrsay.
New York saloon at the turn of the century.
New York night life in the Gilded Age.
New York Democratic boss William Croker.
New York Republican boss Thomas Platt.
The route of the PRRs North River tunnels.
Board of Directors of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company.
New York mayor Seth Low, November 5, 1901.
Newspaper publisher William Randolph Hearst in 1904.
A political cartoon about the tunnel franchise fight.
The Board of Engineers.
Schematic drawing of the two PRR tunnels under the North River.
Architect Charles Follen McKim of McKim, Mead & White.
Stanford White.
House wrecking on 32nd Street.
The cleared site of Pennsylvania Station looking east.
Little locomotive hauling cars full of station site debris.
Assistant engineer James Forgie stands in the center of the Greathead shield.
Tunnel showing Hudson River silt.
View of South Tunnels.
Penn Station site, and Ninth Avenue and the Elevated.
PRR President Alexander Cassatt (center) on an inspection tour.
Alfred Noble, Charles Jacobs, Charles Raymond.
The aligning of the North River tunnels.
Manhattan skyline, 1908.
A May 7, 1908, Harpers Weekly illustration of the Ninth Avenue Elevated.
The PRR tunnel route from New Jersey to Long Island.
The construction of Penn Station in October 1908.
Penn Stations General Waiting Room looking north.
Penn Stations concourse in 1911.
The memorial statue of Alexander Cassatt in Penn Station.
Penn Station just before it opened in 1910.
Penn Station, incoming train.
Samuel Rea and Gustav Lindenthal.
The Hotel Pennsylvania.
The General Waiting Room in 1930.
The statue of Day in the Meadowlands.
As a Gilded Age United States of great fortunes and booming commerce enters the twentieth century, the rich, sprawling railroad empiresthe nations first great corporationsare an unparalleled power unto themselves. None is more powerful than the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR), its thousands of miles of track serving the nations biggest cities and monopolizing the industrial heartland. For thirty years the Pennsylvania Railroad has sought some meansother than its huge fleet of ferries from New Jerseyto bring tens of millions of passengers straight into water-locked Manhattan, Americas commercial heart and most important city. In 1900, there is no bridge or tunnel that spans the Hudson River.
In the first half of this epic history, PRR president Alexander Cassatt, a cultured, steely engineer, fights to find way to get his railroad across the mile-wide Hudson. Solution finally in hand, Cassatt and his railroad prepare to embark on the most monumental and consequent engineering feat of the age, an enterprise that will forever transform the physical and psychological geography of Gotham. And yet, Tammany-run New Yorks most corrupt politicians and robber barons seek to derail his plans. Like President Theodore Roosevelt, Cassatt believes in an America of such dynamism and promise he sees no reason to truckle to successful dishonesty. When the battle is joined, it becomes yet another chapter in the ongoing war over whether the United States will be an honorable republic or a corrupt plutocracy.
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